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paolo revision biology notes > Blood and Circulation > Flashcards

Blood and Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

Why do single celled organisms not need circulatory systems?

A

They can obtain oxygen through the surface membrane of the cell

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2
Q

What do valves control?

A

The flow of blood to the heart

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3
Q

What does blood clotting prevent?

A

The entering of pathogens and the prevention of excess blood loss

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4
Q

Why do people need a transport system to carry sugar and oxygen to cells?

A

Humans have a very low surface area:volume area

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5
Q

What is the process of double circulation?

A

The heart pumps blood to the lungs, getting back oxygenated blood which is sent to the heart to pump around the body

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6
Q

What do valves do in veins?

A

Stop blood flowing in the wrong direction

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7
Q

How are arteries adapted?

A

They have thick muscular walls to smooth out the pulses blood flow from the heart. Their walls must be able to stretch and they must be able to stretch and recoil.

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8
Q

How are capillaries adapted?

A

They have very thin walls so that diffusion can occur more quickly. They bring the blood close to every cell in the organ. They must be small enough to fit between cells.

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9
Q

How are veins adapted?

A

Large to carry blood to the heart Pressure is lower than in arteries, blood must be able to flow easily.

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10
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Usually carry blood AWAY from the heart (except pulmonary artery)

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11
Q

What do veins do?

A

Carry deoxygenated blood BACK to the heart (except pulmonary vein)

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12
Q

Where does blood enter?

A

The atria of the heart

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13
Q

What happens when the ventricles contract?

A

Blood leaves the heart and travels to the lungs and around the rest of the body

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14
Q

How many heartbeats a minute (approx)

A

70

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15
Q

What does your heartbeat increase after excercise

A

More oxygen is needed in the body

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16
Q

Wat (lady) changes as the heart empties and fills?

A

The blood pressure

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17
Q

What does the aorta do?

A

Carries oxygenated blood around the body

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18
Q

What does the pulmonary vein do?

A

Brings oxygenated blood from the lungs

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19
Q

What does the heart valves do?

A

Controls blood flow

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20
Q

What does the pulmonary artery do?

A

Takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs

21
Q

What does the vena cava do?

A

Bring deoxygenated blood into the heart

22
Q

What is different about the heart in diagrams?

A

The left is shown on the right side

23
Q

What do red blood cells contain and for what purpose?

A

Haemoglobin to carry oxygen around the body

24
Q

What things does blood transport around the body?

A

Oxygen from the lungs to all other parts of the boys. Carbon dioxide from all parts of the body to the lungs. Nutrients from the gut to all parts of the body. Urea from the liver to the kidneys. Hormones, antibodies etc.

25
Q

What is the ratio of supply to demand in single called organism when obtaining oxygen?

A

Surface area / volume

26
Q

What is the difference between a single circulatory system and a double circulatory system? Name an animal that has a single circulatory system.

A

In a single circulatory system blood is pumped to the gas exchange organ and then straight to the rest of the body. In a double circulatory system blood is pumped to the gas exchange organ, back to the heart and then to the rest of the body. Fish.

27
Q

What are the names of the arteries/veins that connect with the liver?

A

Hepatic veins and arteries (Think hepatitis)

28
Q

What is the name of the veins and arteries that go to the kidneys?

A

Renal arteries and veins

29
Q

What is name of the vein that goes from the kidneys to the liver.l?

A

Hepatic portal vein.

30
Q

What is the systematic circulation?

A

When blood is circulated through all parts of the body where it unloads oxygen.

31
Q

Why is a double circulation system more effective than a single?

A

The heart pumps the blood twice so higher pressures can be maintained. The blood travels more quickly to organs. In the single circulatory system of a fish, blood loses pressure as it passes through the gills. It then travels relatively slowly to the other organs.

32
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

They carry the blood through organs.

33
Q

What side is the vena cava on?

A

YOUR right side DIAGRAM’s left side

34
Q

What side is the aorta on?

A

YOUR left side DIAGRAM’S right side

35
Q

What is the function of blood in a circulatory system?

A

It is the transport medium.

36
Q

What enables the heart to pump blood at different speeds and pressures?

A

The cardiac muscle. It is unlike any other muscle in our body and never gets fatigued.

37
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A
  1. Blood enters the atria but cannot yet pass into the ventricles because the bicuspid and tricuspid valves are closed. 2.The walls of the atria contract which raises the blood pressure in them and opens the valves. Blood passes through the valves into the ventricles. 3. When the ventricles are full, they contract. This increases the pressure of the blood which closes the bicuspid and tricuspid valves again. Blood cannot return to the atria. 4. The ventricles continue to contract and the pressure continues to increase. This forces open the semi-lunar valves at the base of the aorta and the pulmonary artery. Blood is ejected into these two arteries. The aorta has branches to carry the blood to all other parts of the body. 5. As the ventricles empty, higher pressure in the aorta and pulmonary artery closes the valves in these blood vessels. The cycle begins again as the atria start to fill with blood.
38
Q

What is special about veins?

A

They have ‘watch-pocket’ valves which prevent the backflow of the blood.

39
Q

What is the purpose of ‘watch-pocket’ valves?

A

They prevent the back flow of blood. Especially important in veins when the deoxygenated blood must be pumped back to the heart.

40
Q

What are all the components in blood?

A

Plasma Red blood cells White blood cells Lymphocytes Phagocytes Platelets

41
Q

a) What is plasma? b) What is plasma’s function?

A

a) plasma is the liquid part of the blood, mainly water. b) plasma carries the blood cells around the body; carries dissolved nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide and urea. Also distributes heat around the body.

42
Q

a) What are red blood cells? b) What are their function?

A

Bioconcave, disc-like cells with no nucleus; millions in each mm cubed of blood. They transport oxygen and contain mainly haemoglobin which loads oxygen in the lungs and unloads it in other regions of the body.

43
Q

a) What are lymphocytes? b) What are their function?

A

They are the same size as red blood cells with a large spherical nucleus. They produce antibodies to destroy microorganisms. Some lymphocytes persist in our blood after infection and give us immunity to certain diseases.

44
Q

a) What are phagocytes? b) What are their function?

A

They are much larger cells with a lobed nucleus, they engulf bacteria and other microorganisms that have been engulfed by our bodies.

45
Q

a) What are platelets? b) What are their function?

A

They are the smallest cells - actually fragments of other cells. They release chemicals to make blood clot.

46
Q

Where are red blood cells made?

A

Bone marrow.

47
Q

How do red blood cells load and unload oxygen?

A

Red blood cells contain haemoglobin, this combines with oxygen when there is a high concentration to become oxyhaemoglobin. This is when the red blood cell is loading oxygen. When the concentration of oxygen is low, oxyhaemoglobin turns back into haemoglobin and the red blood cell unloads its oxygen.

48
Q

How are red blood cells specially adapted for their function?

A
  1. They have no nucleus, it is lost in their development in the bone marrow. This means that more haemoglobin can be packed into each red blood cell so mode oxygen can be transported. 2. Their bio concave shape allows efficient exchange of oxygen in and out of the cell as they have a high surface area to volume ration, giving a large aria for diffusion. 3. They have a very thin cell surface membrane meaning oxygen can diffuse through easily.
49
Q

What are the three main types of blood vessels?

A

Veins, arteries and capillaries

paolo revision biology notes (11 decks)

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