Blood and Immune: Allergy, Hypersensitivity

Question 1

What is the most common form of immune disorder

Answer 1

an allergic reaction

Question 2

How many people have some form of allergy

Answer 2

30%

Question 3

Which group people has Seasonal rhinitis (hay fever) the most

Answer 3

Caucasians

Question 4

How many New Zealanders have asthma

Answer 4

1 in 6

Question 5

What is asthma

Answer 5

Immediate type allergic response where the bronchial tubes in lung narrow and thicken and inflame in response to a range of allergens or other triggers such as cold air

Question 6

What is Allergic rhinitis

Answer 6

seasonal hay fever

Question 7

When does Allergic rhinitis occur

Answer 7

Occurs in spring/summer due to pollen from certain flowers

Question 8

What is dermatitis

Answer 8

Skin inflammation

Question 9

what is urticaria

Answer 9

hives

Question 10

What is the second most common site for allergic reactions

Answer 10

the skin

Question 11

how do skin allergies occur

Answer 11

caused by the release of histamine into the tissue from mast cells in the skin

Question 12

What is oedema

Answer 12

swelling

Question 13

how does oedema occur

Answer 13

caused by leakage of fluid into the spaces between cells

Question 14

main two locations of allergic reactions

Answer 14

mucosal regions of upper respiratory tract (nose and throat), and skin

Question 15

examples of insect allergies

Answer 15

House dust mite, bee stings

Question 16

How does penicillin cause an allergic reaction

Answer 16

Penicillin can interact with proteins to produce something that looks new to generate IgE response

Question 17

How does jewellery cause allergic reaction

Answer 17

Nickel leeches out of jewellery into skin and modifies proteins in skin so that they seen new

Question 18

Nickel allergies are an example of

Answer 18

Metal induced contact dermatitis

Question 19

What is anaphylaxis

Answer 19

A serious complication in an allergic reaction when the mast cell activation occurs throughout the body.

Question 20

what does atopic mean

Answer 20

at a single sight

Question 21

what does systemic mean

Answer 21

at multiple sites

Question 22

where does oedema occur in anaphylaxis

Answer 22

Oedema and swelling occurs at multiple anatomical sites that are distant from the original site of allergen challenge

Question 23

treatment of anaphylaxis

Answer 23

immediate injection of epinephrine (adrenalin)

Question 24

What is a type 1 hypersensitivity

Answer 24

Atopic allergy (IgE mediated) - Immediate

Question 25

What is a type 2 hypersensitivity

Answer 25

Complement mediated - Medium

Question 26

What is a type 3 hypersensitivity

Answer 26

Serum sickness (Immune complexes) Medium Less common Recognition of abnormal immune complexes

Question 27

What is a type 4 hypersensitivity

Answer 27

Delayed Type (DTH) Slow response

Question 28

Mediates Type I reactions

Answer 28

IgE and mast cells with a high affinity Fc receptor

Question 29

Mediates Type II reactions

Answer 29

Complement

Question 30

Mediates Type III reactions

Answer 30

Immune complexes

Question 31

Mediates Type IV reactions

Answer 31

Adaptive immune system

Question 32

What are mast cells

Answer 32

innate cells from myeloid lineage that reside in the skin (provide protection against complex organisms that cannot be engulfed by phagocytosis)

Question 33

What does the FcεR receptor on mast cells have a high affinity too

Answer 33

IgE:antigen complexes

Question 34

What happens when IgE antibody binds to large antigen complexes (like pollen)

Answer 34

it triggers local mast cells to rupture and empty their granules

Question 35

What does a mast cell precoated with IgE mean

Answer 35

it has been primed against a particular allergen (from birth or mothers genes)

Question 36

An activated mast cell produces: (5)

Answer 36

Histamines, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, free radicals, substance P

Question 37

What does a Type I hypersensitivity | do to smooth muscles and blood vessels

Answer 37

causes them to constrict

Question 38

What does a Type I hypersensitivity | do to mucous glands

Answer 38

Mucous glands produce mucus, releasing fluid causing swelling/Oedema

Question 39

What does a Type I hypersensitivity | do to platelets

Answer 39

clotting

Question 40

What does a Type I hypersensitivity | do to sensory nerves

Answer 40

causes nerve ending stimulation = pain

Question 41

What does a Type I hypersensitivity | do to other immune cells

Answer 41

Recruitment of other immune cells like eosinophils

Question 42

What causes body response in a type 1 hypersensitivity

Answer 42

vasoactive amines (histamines)

Question 43

Types of Helper T cells that are involved in Type I hypersensitivity

Answer 43

Th1, Th2

Question 44

Cytokine that causes an immature IgM-producing B cell to mature to produce IgE

Answer 44

IL-4

Question 45

Histamines are a kind of:

Answer 45

vasoactive amines

Question 46

What is involved in a type 2 hypersensitivity

Answer 46

FcR, complement and neutrophils (phagocytes)

Question 47

What is in normal phagocytosis

Answer 47

Fc receptor for IgG or IgM | Complement receptor for complement

Question 48

Process of Rhesus baby in newborns

Answer 48

when a pregnant woman is RhD-, but her baby is RhD+, maternal anti-RhD IgG may be produced which can cause acute haemolytic anemia in the child soon after they are born

Question 49

What is Rhesus baby

Answer 49

This condition is caused by a blood group antigen RhD on the surface of red blood cells

Question 50

Rhd genes of parents to produce Rhesus

Answer 50

Mother needs to be RhD - and the father must be Rhd+

Question 51

What type of hypersensitivity is involved in Rhesus baby

Answer 51

type 2

Question 52

What is Desensitisation

Answer 52

When an increasing dose of allergen is injected into the patient over a period of time, so that they manufacture high affinity IgG that competes with IgE.

Question 53

How many patients does Desensitisation work in

Answer 53

about 50%

Question 54

Process by which monoclonal antibodies are/were made

Answer 54

Mouse immunised -> mouse boosted -> spleen removed -> splenocytes fused with mouse myeloma cells -> hybridoma screened

Question 55

Pros of using Mabs as therapeutic agents (4)

Answer 55

Highly specific, humanised, no adverse reactions, can be modified for greater potency

Question 56

Cons of using Mabs as therapeutic agents (2)

Answer 56

Expensive, possibly serious side effects

Question 57

What type of immunoglobulin is developed in response to allergens early in life that sensitises mast cells in the skin

Answer 57

IgE