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BIOSCI 107 Part Two > Blood Immunity and innate immunity > Flashcards

Blood Immunity and innate immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

How do staph infections occur?

A

caused by staforius/staphylococcus bacteria, types of germs commonly found on the skin or in the nose of even healthy individuals. They get in the body through skin breaks.

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2
Q

How do lysozyme in tears and saliva protect the body

A

the enzyme disrupts the surface of bacteria - physiological barrier

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3
Q

What is innate immunity

A

Is the bodies response that is not learnt or adapt (is fixed) and relies on distinction between self and non-self (first line response)

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4
Q

What type of cells provide your cellular innate immune defence

A

myeloid cells

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5
Q

Two components of immunity

A

Cellular and humoral

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6
Q

What does your myeloid lineage give rise to

A

all the white blood cells in innate immunity

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7
Q

Most abundant white blood cell in immunity

A

neutrophils

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8
Q

What are macrophages

A

activated form on monocytes

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9
Q

What do myeloid cells do?

A

detect microorganisms while in capillaries and migrate to find infection

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10
Q

What is the humoral component of immunity?

A

are the soluble proteins in blood that opsise microorganisms

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11
Q

What is the cellular component of immunity?

A 
Cellular immunity consists of either
myeloid cells (innate) or lymphoid cells (adaptive)
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12
Q

Why is complement in the humoral component of immunity?

A

because complement is soluble

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13
Q

What do lectin binding proteins do

A

they activate complement and recognize unique carbohydrates on the surface of bacteria

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14
Q

What is the purpose of terminal Sialic acid

A

We have terminal sialic acid to distinguish our self cells from other cells

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15
Q

What do Antimicrobial peptides do

A

produce peptides that attach to the surface of bacteria that cause they to lyse

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16
Q

Where are Antimicrobial peptides found

A

found in places like saliva

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17
Q

What is an auto-immune response?

A

is when immune system destroys own cells (e.g. type 1 diabetes)

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18
Q

What is the first line response to pathogen invasion?

A

Innate immunity

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19
Q

What cell arrives first when you injure yourself

A

neutrophils will arrive to engulf infection

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20
Q

Did innate immunity occur before or after adaptive immunity

A

before

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21
Q

Is innate immunity present in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

yes

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22
Q

3 stages of innate immunity in mammals

A

Complement (C’)
Myeloid cells and phagocytosis (neutrophils and macrophages)
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR)

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23
Q

Does innate immunity have memory

A

no

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24
Q

3 main types of pathogens

A

viruses
Bacteria, yeast and fungi
Protozoa and parasite

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25
What are viruses
are intracellular pathogens that use host cell machinery for replication. Need a means of detecting infected cells and destroying them while leaving normal host cells alone
26
What type of defence against viruses does the body rely on
cellular immunity - need to be able to distinguish infected from normal cells.
27
How long does viral illness take before being cured (generally)
24-48 hours
28
What occurs to immune system in HIV
it is destroyed so people die from opportunistic infections
29
What are Bacteria, yeast and fungi
Are (mostly) extracellular pathogens that are engulfed and destruction by phagocytic cells
30
What type defence of defence against Bacteria, yeast and fungi does the body rely on
Defence is primarily mediated by innate mechanisms and phagocytosis
31
What can distinguish between the different types of bacteria?
a gram stain
32
What are gram positive bacteria
bacteria that have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall as a defence and are resistant to direct complement MAC lysis
33
Does gram positive bacteria light up on a gram stain
yes
34
What can destroy gram positive bacteria
phagocytosis (not killed directly by complement)
35
Examples of gram positive bacteria
S. aureus, S. pyogenes
36
What are gram negative bacteria
bacteria with thinner peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane and are often more sensitive to complement MAC lysis
37
Does gram negative bacteria light up on a gram stain
no
38
What can destroy gram negative bacteria
These bacteria can often be lysed directly by complement. (Membrane Attack Complex)
39
Examples of gram negative bacteria
E. coli, H. influenza
40
What do β-lactam antibiotics do
block peptidoglycan/cell wall synthesis (cell cannot divide effectively)
41
Example of β-lactam antibiotics
penicillin
42
What are Protozoa and parasite
Complex organisms are often multicellular and highly developed (helminths - worms)
43
Where are Protozoa and parasite found
Can live inside (malaria – plasmodium falciparum lives inside the red blood cell) or outside cells.
44
How are Protozoa and parasite killed
Require direct killing by chemical mediators released by specialist myeloid cells (Basophils, mast cells, and eosinophils) because they are too big to be killed by phagocytic cells
45
What are the granules in specialist myeloid cells that kill Protozoa and parasites
granules are filled with cytotoxic chemicals. Degranulation releases these toxic inflammatory chemicals such as histamine
46
5 steps of recruiting a neutrophil
Activation, tethering, adhesion, diapedesis, chemotaxis
47
What is activation in recruiting a neutrophil
Chemokines from tissue injury or inflammation activate the local endothelial cells lining an adjacent capillary wall.
48
What is tethering in recruiting a neutrophil
Neutrophil tethers to the inside capillary wall. Mediated by selectins on endothelial cells and sialyl Lewis X (sLex), a carbohydrate antigen, on neutrophils. This causes weak binding and the neutrophil to roll
49
What is adhesion in recruiting a neutrophil
strong binding between neutrophil integrins and ICAM-1 on the endothelium. Neutrophil immobilises and flattens
50
What is diapedesis in recruiting a neutrophil
neutrophil finds junction and squeezes between endothelial cells and out of the capillary into the tissue (interstitial space)
51
What is chemotaxis in recruiting a neutrophil
Neutrophil migrates along a chemokine gradient to the site of infection
52
What makes neutrophils find bacteria
serum
53
How do neutrophils migrate up the chemoattractant gradient
they polymerize actin filaments at their leading edge and depolymerize those filaments at their trailing edge.
54
What are the complement receptors
CR1, CR2, CR3, CR4 (Complement receptor 1-4)
55
What is opsonisation
This is the process of coating microbes with complement proteins to form complex complement convertases ready for phagocytosis
56
What do myeloid cell receptors bind to on bacteria
activated complement components deposited on bacteria
57
What is the main neutrophil receptor
CR1
58
What does CR1 bind to
C3b on bacteria (Complement convertase covering bacteria)
59
What initiates phagocytosis
Cross-linking of the surface CRs and complex on bacteria
60
What is FcR
the Fc receptor (FCR) is a group of surface membrane molecules that specifically recognize and bind immunoglobulin
61
What binds to bacterial antigens in FcR (antibody) mediated phagocytosis
Antibody (IgM and IgG) and C1
62
What does neutrophil FcR bind to
the antibody Fc region
63
What does the binding of the FcR and Fc region do
Activates phagocytosis (cell captures and engulfs bacteria)
64
What is a phagosome
phagosome is a vesicle formed around a particle engulfed by a phagocyte via phagocytosis
65
What is a phagolysosome
is a cytoplasmic body formed by the fusion of a phagosome with a lysosome in a process that occurs during phagocytosis
66
What happens inside a phagolysosome
it acidifies and superoxides kill bacteria
67
What is phagocytosis
engulfment of the microbe by phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages) that destroys the organism
68
5 steps of phagocytosis
1. Ingestion 2. Fusion 3. Acidification 4. Digestion 5. Exocytosis
69
What is ingestion in phagocytosis
The bacterium is captured by receptors, membrane invaginates into a phagosome
70
What is fusion in phagocytosis
The phagosome and lysosome fuse to form a phagolysosome.
71
What is acidification in phagocytosis
the phagolysosome acidified with H+ pumped in
72
What is digestion in phagocytosis
Acidification activates protease and stimulates the production of superoxides such as H2O2 (peroxide) and HOCl (hypochlorous acid) which kill bacteria.
73
What is exocytosis in phagocytosis
expulsion of the digested microbe
74
What are pattern recognition receptors (PRR)
Are receptors found on many myeloid cells that recognise complex microbial molecular patterns
75
What are PRR's essential for
recognising the unique pathogen patterns on the surface of microbacteria (tells adaptive immune response to make antibodies)
76
What are Toll-Like Receptors (TLR)
TLR are Leucine Rich Repeat (LRR) receptors that look like a “slinky”. There are 9 TLR molecules
77
How many TLR receptors are there
9
78
What does activation through TLR do?
stimulates a strong innate response through an important inflammation pathway
79
What are Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)
unique molecules that are | produced by microbes. Structurally complex & evolutionarily stable which are recognised by PRR
80
What is LPS
(lipopolysaccharide), a type of PAMP
81
Are PAMPS evolutionarily stable?
yes - don’t change too much with time
82
What do PAMPS stimulate
They stimulate the ‘power’ switch for the adaptive response
83
What is the TLR receptor for LPS
TLR4
84
What type of bacteria is LPS from
Gram negative bacteria
85
What does LPS cause in the body
a fever
86
What is septic shock
Release of LPS by Gram negative bacterial infections, an uncontrolled Gram negative infection in the blood

BIOSCI 107 Part Two (17 decks)

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