blood and lymph

Question 1

who is the universal recipient?

Answer 1

AB+

Question 2

who is the universal donor?

Answer 2

O-

Question 3

what is agglutination?

Answer 3

when an antigen is mixed with corresponding antibody (clumps)

Question 4

what is plasmin?

Answer 4

destroys blood clots to resume blood flow

Question 5

what is fibrinogen?

Answer 5

turns into fibrin after enzyme thrombin interacts with it. formation turns into a fibrin clot.

Question 6

what is the function of plasma in blood?

Answer 6

liquid portion of blood (91.5% water, 8.5% solutes)
Carries nutrients, electrolytes, enzymes, hormones, gases, and water products.

Question 7

what are albumins?

Answer 7

maintain blood pressure

Question 8

what are fibrinogen?

Answer 8

blood clotting

Question 9

what are globulins?

Answer 9

transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins

Question 10

what is a thrombus?

Answer 10

formation of a blood clot inside one of your blood vessels

Question 11

what is an embolus?

Answer 11

moving blood clot that lodges a vessel which would cause an embolism

Question 12

what is erythroblastosis fetalis?

Answer 12

Rh- mother carrying Rh+ baby
Mother’s antibodies hurt baby’s antigens

Question 13

what is hemoglobin?

Answer 13

protein that carries oxygen in blood

Question 14

another name for a thrombocyte is a _________

Answer 14

platelets

Question 15

what formed element to leukemia patients lack?

Answer 15

platelets: lack of causes excessive bleeding

Question 16

what are some symptoms of sickle cell anemia?

Answer 16

pain, swelling, frequent infections, vision problems

Question 17

what hormone is released by the kidneys and liver that regulate low oxygen levels?

Answer 17

erythropoietin (EPO)-stimulates RBC production in red bone marrow

Question 18

what are the three steps of hemostasis?

Answer 18

vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, blood clotting

Question 19

what is the basic event that involves fibrinogen and fibrin?

Answer 19

thrombin is created by blood-clotting proteins which then converts fibrinogen to fibrin to form clots.

Question 20

why is serotonin released when a platelet plug is formed?

Answer 20

it causes vasoconstriction helping blood clots to form in more narrow arteries

Question 21

what is the name of the blood test used to evaluate blood clotting?

Answer 21

prothrombin time

Question 22

what are the 7 innate/nonspecific defenses?

Answer 22

fever, species resistance, inflammation, mechanical barriers, chemical barriers, natural killer cells, phagocytosis

Question 23

what is species resistance?

Answer 23

certain species naturally resistant to some infectious diseases that affect other species

Question 24

what are mechanical barriers?

Answer 24

skin and mucous membranes, hair, sweat: they trap invaders preventing their entrance into the body

Question 25

what is inflammation?

Answer 25

tissue response to injury or infection. infected cells release chemicals that attract WBCs to site of inflammation to phagocytize pathogens.

Question 26

what are chemical barriers?

Answer 26

enzymes in body fluids (gastric juices, lysozymes in tears/saliva), interferons (hormone-life proteins, stimulate the troops to rally, activating the complement), block reproduction of viral cells

Question 27

what are natural killer cells?

Answer 27

secret perforin that lyse (breakdown) the cell membrane of the infected cell, also activate the complement

Question 28

what is phagocytosis?

Answer 28

removes foreign particles from lymph as it moves

Question 29

what are the most active phagocytic cells?

Answer 29

neutrophils and monocytes (macrophages once leave bloodstream)

Question 30

what is fever?

Answer 30

raise the temp of whole body so invaders can not survive

Question 31

what are complement proteins?

Answer 31

groups of molecules that stimulate inflammation, attracts phagocytes, and enhances phagocytosis.

Question 32

what is the purpose of adaptive/specific defenses?

Answer 32

third line of defense, resistance to specific pathogens of their toxins

Question 33

which WBCs are granular?

Answer 33

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Question 34

which WBCs are agranular?

Answer 34

lymphocytes, monocytes

Question 35

what is the purpose of lymphocytes?

Answer 35

they produce antibodies which target specific antigens present on pathogens (lymphocytes include B and T cells)

Question 36

lymphatic vessels are similar to what part of the circulatory system?

Answer 36

veins- valves for one directional movement

Question 37

what are the two collecting ducts of the lymphatic trunks called?

Answer 37

thoracic duct (drains to left subclavian vein), right lymphatic duct (drains to right subclavian vein)

Question 38

which duct collects the most lymph?

Answer 38

the thoracic duct

Question 39

what are the functions of the lymph node?

Answer 39

filter potentially harmful particles, monitor body fluids, store lymphocytes

Question 40

what are the cells in a lymph node that engulf and destroy damaged cells, foreign substances, and cellular debris?

Answer 40

macrophages

Question 41

what are the primary cells that provide immunity?

Answer 41

T cells (helper t cells, killer t cells, memory t cells), B cells (make antibodies)

Question 42

what is immunity?

Answer 42

resistance to specific pathogens of their toxins, recognition and recall

Question 43

what are T lymphocytes responsible for?

Answer 43

stimulate B cells, combine with non-self antigens or infected cells to kill them, remember past exposures to prevent reoccurrence.

Question 44

what is naturally acquired active immunity?

Answer 44

person exposed to live pathogens, develop illness/disease, becomes resistant due to antibodies created

Question 45

what is naturally acquired passive immunity?

Answer 45

antibodies passed from mother to infant from placenta and breast milk

Question 46

what is artificially acquired passive immunity?

Answer 46

person exposed to pathogen needs protection before active immunity has time to occur. Antibodies from an immune donor injected into patient

Question 47

what is artificially acquired active immunity?

Answer 47

vaccine

Question 48

what is the function of immunoglobulin IgG?

Answer 48

effective against bacteria, viruses, toxins, activates complement

Question 49

what is the function of immunoglobulin IgA?

Answer 49

exocrine gland secretions

Question 50

what is the function of immunoglobulin IgM?

Answer 50

response to antigens in foods/bacteria, antibodies for RBO blood groups, activates the complement

Question 51

what is the function of immunoglobulin IgD?

Answer 51

activates B cells

Question 52

what is the function of immunoglobulin IgE?

Answer 52

associated with allergic responses

Question 53

what are the functions of the spleen?

Answer 53

stores blood of old RBCs, contains macrophages, stores blood, takes in iron

Question 54

what happens with the WBCs as a result of an allergen-antibody reaction?

Answer 54

B cells produce IgE