Blood Cell Components/WBC Disorders Flashcards
(28 cards)
Infectious mononucleosis
Infection of B-lymphocytes; atypical lymphocytes proliferate
Cause: Epstein-Barr virus
Infectious mononucleosis
Lymphadenopathy Hepatitis Splenomegaly Fatigue, fevers, body aches, lethargy Leukocytosis(95% lymphocytes) Symptomatic/supportive treatment
Myelodysplastic syndrome
Group of related hematologic disorders characterized by a change in the quantity/quality of bone marrow elements
Myelodysplastic syndrome
Cytopenia
Anemia
Infection
Spontaneous bleeding/bruising
Myelodysplastic syndrome diagnostics
Lab and bone marrow biopsy
Myelodysplastic syndrome treatment
Depends on disease severity: Supportive Granulocyte colony stimulating factor Erythropoietin Chemotherapy Bone marrow transplant
Leukemia
Malignant neoplasms of cells originally derived from a single hematopoietic cell line
Leukemia cells
Immature Unregulated/undiffferentiated Proliferate in bone marrow Circulate in blood Infiltrate the spleen and lymph nodes
Leukemia pathogenesis
Leukemia cells are:
An immature type of WBC
Capable of increased proliferation
Incapable of functioning as mature WBCs—cannot phagocytize
Interfere with maturation of normal bone marrow cells including RBCs and platelets
Acute leukemia
Sudden onset
S/S related to decreased mature WBCs, immature WBCs, decreased RBCs, decreased platelets
Diagnosis by blood/bone marrow tissue analysis
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
80% childhood acute leukemia
72% 5-year survival rate
Acute myelocytic leukemia (AML)
Mostly an adult disease
29% 5-year survival rate
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
Primarily in older adults
88% 5-year survival rate
Relatively mature lymphocytes that are immunologically incompetent
S/S: fatigue, weight loss, anorexia, infections
Chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML)
Affects adults and children
70% 5-year survival rate
Leukocytosis with immature cell types (presents with increased granulocyte count)
S?S: fatigue, weight loss, diaphoresis, bleeding, abdominal discomfort
Chronic leukemia
More insidious onset
May be discovered during routine bloodwork
CLL, CML
Leukemia treatment
Goal: attain remission
Cytotoxic chemotherapy
Stem cell transplant: allogeneic (volunteer donor), syngeneic (identical twin), autologous (patient’s)
Risks: infection, rejection, relapse
Hodgkin disease
Characterized by painless, progressive enlargement of a single or group of nodes usually in the neck area
Distinctive tumor cell found with biopsy: Reed Sternberg cell
Diagnosis by: peripheral blood analysis, lymph node biopsy, bone marrow exam, radiology (CT, MRI, PET)
Etiology: unknown
Interacting factors: Epstein Barr virus, genetics, toxin exposure
Hodgkin’s lymphoma S/S
Insidious onset
Painless enlarged lymph nodes
Nonspecific symptoms: fever, weight loss, malaise, night sweats
Hodgkins treatment
Chemotherapy
Radiation
Stem cell transplant
Nonhodgkins lymphoma
Unlike Hodgkins, spreads early to liver, spleen, and bone marrow
Characterized by painless, superficial lymphadenopathy
Etiology: unknown
Majority of patients have widely spread disease at the time of diagnosis
Nonhodgkins lymphoma
S/S: painless, enlarged lymph nodes; nonspecific symptoms like weight loss and fever
Treatment: chemotherapy, radiation, refractory cases—stem cell transplant
Multiple myeloma
B-cell (plasma cell) cancer
Atypical proliferation of immunoglobulin M protein—a monoclonal antibody (leads to increased osteoclasts)
Symptoms: bone pain, fractures, impaired RBC/WBC production, slow/insidious bone pain, hypercalcemia
Men and African Americans at greater risk
Etiology unknown
Multiple myeloma diagnostics
Monoclonal antibody protein in serum and urine Pancytopenia Hypercalcemia Bence Jones proteins in urine Elevated creatinine X-ray showing osteopathic lesions
Multiple myeloma treatment
Observation Corticosteroids Chemotherapy Biological therapy Stem cell transplant Biphosphonates (helps strengthen bones) Hydration
