Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathopharm I > Male Reproductive > Flashcards

Male Reproductive Flashcards

(57 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Testicular cancer risk factors

A

Family history
Caucasian
Cryptorchidism
HIV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

One or both testes fail to descend from the abdomen to the scrotum
If note corrected by 12 or never corrected 2-6x more likely to develop testicular cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Seminomas (germ cell tumor—testicular cancer)

A

Arise from immature germ cells
Slow-growing
Non-aggressive
Easily cured with radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Nonseminomas (germ cell tumor—testicular cancer)

A

Arise from mature germ cells
More aggressive
Usually treated with surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Testicular cancer early symptoms

A

Enlargement of testicle
Painless mass
If discomfort present: ache in groin, scrotal heaviness

High survival rate if detected early

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Testicular cancer late symptoms

A

Frank pain with rapid growth
Hemorrhage
Symptoms based on metastasis: cough, hemoptysis, leg swelling, back pain, dizziness

Treated with chemo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Prostate

A

Gland surround the urethra
Produces seminal fluids that contribute to ejaculate volume
4-20 g

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

BPH

A

Prostate can be 50-80g
Nonmalignant enlargement of prostate
Overgrowth of epithelial, smooth muscle, or stromal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Prostate—overgrowth of epithelial cells

A

Causes MECHANICAL obstruction of urethra

Treat with finasteride, dutasteride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Prostate—overgrowth of smooth muscle cells

A

Causes DYNAMIC obstruction of urethra

Treat with tamsulosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

BPH risk factors

A

Age
Family history
Race/ethnicity (highest in African Americans; lowest in Japanese)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

BPH etiology theories

A

Hormone imbalance

DHT accumulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

BPH theory—hormone imbalance

A

Testosterone decreases with age but estrogen levels don’t creating a hormonal imbalance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

BPH theory—DHT accumulation

A

5-alpha-reductase converts testosterone to DHT

High levels of DHT accumulate growth factors which cause acne, hair on chest (not scalp), growth of prostate cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

BPH symptoms

A 
Urinary frequency
Urinary urgency
Delay in initiation 
Reduction in form—weak urine stream
Increased urination time
Dribbling
Inability to completely empty bladder
UTI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

BPH complications

A

Obstructive nephropathy
Bladder stones
UTI
Kidney issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

BPH treatment by stage

A

Mild: watchful waiting
Moderate: pharm
Severe: surgery, microwave options

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

finasteride

A

5-alpha-reductase inhibitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

finasteride indication

A

Mechanical obstruction of urethra—increased epithelial cells in prostate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

finasteride MOA

A

Inhibits 5-alpha-reductive from converting testosterone to DHT
By blocking conversion of testosterone to DHT finasteride decreases epithelial tissue in the prostate which prevents mechanical obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

DHT

A

More potent form of testosterone

Principal hormone responsible for stimulating prostate growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Prostate size and finasteride

A

finasteride works best in very enlarged prostates with much epithelial tissue; will not work well with smaller prostates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Overall blood testosterone and finasteride

Study These Flashcards
A

finasteride reduces DHT in blood but does NOT decrease overall circulating testosterone

24
Q

When will patients see results with finasteride?

25
finasteride SE
Impotence Decreased libido Gynecomastia Increased hair growth
26
PSA and finasteride
finasteride decreases PSA levels Must measure PSA levels prior to/6months after starting If PSA not decreasing may need evaluation for prostate cancer
27
finasteride miscellaneous
Used to treat male-pattern baldness Teratogenic—pregnant woman should not handle Men on finasteride cannot donate blood
28
dutasteride
5-alpha reductase inhibitor
29
dutasteride indication
Mechanical obstruction of urethra (like finasteride)
30
dutasteride MOA
Blocks conversion of testosterone to DHT, thereby decreasing epithelial tissue in prostate
31
dutasteride SE
Impotence Decreased libido Increased hair growth Gynecomastia
32
tamsulosin class
Alpha-1-adrenergic antagonist
33
tamsulosin MOA
Rapidly relaxes smooth muscle cells in the bladder, prostate, and urethra Selective for alpha receptors in the prostate (no systemic effect)
34
tamsulosin indication
Dynamic obstruction of urethra (smooth muscle overgrowth)
35
tamsulosin and PSA
tamsulosin does NOT reduce PSA levels
36
When will patient see results with tamsulosin?
Immediately
37
BPH combination therapy
Jalyn (dutasteride + tamsulosin)
38
Prostate cancer
Most common male cancer in US
39
Prostate cancer risk factors
``` Age >50 Family history High fat diet Altering sex hormone production Race (greatest in Blacks, lowest in Asians/Natives) ```
40
Prostate cancer early symptoms
Asymptomatic
41
Prostate cancer late symptoms
BPH type presentation | Metastasis (bone pain if metastasis to bone; cough/hemoptysis if metastasis to lungs)
42
Prostate cancer treatment
No medications | Surgery, chemo, or radiation
43
PSA vs. DRE
PSA can detect cancer 5-15 years before DRE | If high risk for prostate cancer may need PSA but if low risk DRE will suffice
44
Erectile dysfunction
Impotence
45
Primary ED
Rare | Life-long inability to have an erection due to psychiatric issues, early vascular trauma
46
Secondary ED
Most common | ED in someone with a history of normal erections
47
Organic causes of secondary ED
PVD (arterial insufficiency, excessive venous drainage, sedentary lifestyle) Medications (antidepressants, BP meds) Endocrine issues Trauma, surgery (radical prostastectomy )
48
Psychogenic causes of secondary ED
Depression Low desire Performance anxiety Strained relationship
49
Erection physiology
Sexual arousal-increased PNS/increased NO release-cGMP activation-arterial/smooth muscle relaxation-increased inflow/reduced outflow-erection
50
PDE-5
Removes cGMP needed for erection
51
sildenafil class
PDE-5 inhibitor
52
sildenafil MOA
Inhibits PDE-5 which increases/preserves cGMP Only enhances the normal response to sexual stimuli Does not cause erection immediately no effect on erection quality/men w/o ED
53
sildenafil indications
ED Pulmonary/arterial HTN BPH
54
sildenafil timing
Can take up to 4 hours before sexual activity | Onset 30-60 min
55
sildenafil SE
Headache Flushing Dyspepsia Hypotension
56
sildenafil and safety
Contraindicated if history of CVD Don’t take with nitrates due to significant hypotension Call 911 if chest pain/MI symptoms during sex Sudden loss of vision/hearing Don’t take more than once a day Priapism is a medical emergency
57
Priapism
Painful erection Erection > 4hr Medical emergency

Pathopharm I (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions