Blood cells Flashcards
(25 cards)
What are the cellular components to blood
Leukocytes - WBC - immune response
RBC
Platelets - clotting
what are the soluble components of blood
Hormones - cell signalling cytokines - cell signalling histamine - blood vessels leaky oxygen water ions salt
Main function of blood
connective tissue heat distribution transportation immune system homeostasis
Describe red blood cells
oxygen transportation (Hb - OHb) CO2 transportation (carbonic anhydrase - bicarbonate) biconcave no nuclei molecules on surface - group
What are leukocytes
WBC
circulation for transport
travel near capillary wall - invade tissue
classified by structure and binding
list the types of leukocytes
polymorphonuclear granulocytes
lymphocytes
monocytes
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Polymorphonuclear granulocytes function and structure
multi lobed nucleus basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils cytoplasmic granules 1st on scene adhere blood vessel and invade tissue engulf, kill and digest pathogen release inflammatory mediators - toxic oxygen products, digestive enzymes, vasodilaters, chemotaxins
B lymphocytes structure and function
humoral immunity
Ab production
precipitation, neutralisation, opsonisation
T lymphocytes structure and function
cellular immunity
chemotaxin
lymphotoxin (kills cells)
interferon (kills virus)
Monocytes structure and function
large horseshoe nucleus appear after granulocytes phagocytosis stimulate angiogenesis secrete inflammatory mediators
What are Edit Delete
Platelets
from megakaryocytes
granules
many organelles
no nucleus
Platelets and homeostasis
surface receptors for platelet activators (collagen and thrombin)
adhesion to exposed collagen/atherosclerosis
release granules - promote aggregation
clot formation
nitric oxide and prostacyclin inhibit platelet activation
What is plasma
fluid component of blood
organic and inorganic substances dissolved in water
What is serum
plasma with proteins removed
What do plasma proteins do
exert oncotic pressure to maintain blood volume
List the plasma proteins
Albumin - carrier molecules eg bile, water, insoluble drugs, hormones
globulin - “
fibrinogen - clotting and platelet aggregation
Basic structure of Hb
quaternary structure - 4 proteins
2 alpha helix
2 B pleated sheet
4 ferrous Fe haem groups - prosthetic groups - what O2 binds to.
oxidised form - methaemoglobin cannot carry oxygen
different form if foetus - higher affinity
globular - soluble
Role of Hb
carry oxygen around the body
remove carbon dioxide
low affinity O2 - conformational shape globin
binding break conformation - open structure
cooperative binding
What is anaemia
Concentration of haemoglobin in the blood is lower than normal
Subclasses of anaemia
macrocytic
normocytic
microcytic
describe macrocytic anaemia
large MCV (volume) failure of cell division - fewer but larger cells folic acid (thymine synthesis) deficiency - pregnancy Vitamin B12 (needed for folic acid actions) autoimmune, vegetarians, vegans
describe microcytic anaemia
small MCV - not enough Hb so cells get smaller
blood loss
Fe deficiency
menstruation, GIT lesion, cancer
describe normocytic anaemia
normal sized
acute blood loss
blood transfusion `
How is erythrocyte production regulates
erythropoiesis kidney testosterone negative feedback erythropoietin (hormone)
