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Biology topic 4 exchange and transport > blood circulation > Flashcards

blood circulation Flashcards

1
Q

blood direction of arteries

A

carry blood away from heart to the cells of the body
-all carry oxygenated blood

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2
Q

pulmonary artery

A

carries deox blood from heart to lung

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3
Q

umbilical artery

A

during pregnancy, carries deox blood from fetus to placenta

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4
Q

features of the lumen

A

-central space inside the blood vessel
-gets smaller further away it is from heart

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5
Q

arterioles

A

smallest branches of arterial system
-furthest from heart

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6
Q

structure of arteries

A

-external layer of tough tissue
-middle layer containing elastic fibres and smooth muscle
-smooth lining allows easiest flow of blood
-lumen small when unstretched of blood

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7
Q

middle layer of arteries features

A

-contains elastic fibres and smooth muscle
-arteries nearest heart have more elastic fibres
-those further from heart have greater proportion of muscle tissue

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8
Q

adaptations of arteries near heart

A

a lot of elastic fibres so they can stretch to accommodate greater volume of blood without being damaged
-between surges elastic fibres return to original length squeezing blood and moving it in regular flow

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9
Q

peripheral arteries

A

-arteries further away from heart
-blood pressure drops

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10
Q

functionality of peripheral arteries

A

-muscle fibres in vessel walls contract or relax to change size of lumen
-controlling blood flow

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11
Q

what do capillaries link

A

arterioles and venules

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12
Q

features of capillaries

A

branch between cells
-substances diffuse between cells and blood quickly
-small diameter- blood travels slow- gives more time for diffusion to occur

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13
Q

adaptations of capillaries

A

-thin walls
-no elastic fibres, collagen, smooth muscle
-helps them fit between cells and quick diffusion

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14
Q

veins carrying blood

A

-carries blood back towards heart
-carries deox blood

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15
Q

pulmonary vein

A

carries oxygen rich blood from lungs back to heart for circulation around body

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16
Q

umbilical vein

A

during pregnancy
-carries ox blood from placenta to fetus

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17
Q

structure of veins

A

outer tough layer of collagen fibres
-thin layer of smooth muscle- few elastic fibres
-smooth inner surface
-large lumen

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18
Q

2 veins carry returning blood to heart

A

inferior vena cava- lower parts of body
-superior vena cava- upper parts of body

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19
Q

veins as blood reservoirs

A

-veins hold large amounts of blood
-blood pressure low- eliminated as blood passes through capillary beds

20
Q

first way blood at low pressure returned to heart for oxygen

A

semilunar one way valves throughout venous system
-formed from infoldings of inner wall of veins
-valves prevent backflow of blood

21
Q

second way blood to heart for oxygen

A

-larger veins between large muscle blocks of body
-when muscle contract during physical activity they squeeze veins
-with valves keeping blood in one direction, this helps squeezing to return blood to heart

22
Q

how is tissue fluid formed

A

from the blood

23
Q

role of tissue fluid

A

moves substances in and out of cells directly

24
Q

what are capillary walls not permeable to

A

everything but large plasma proteins and erythrocytes

25
Q

what do substances do in tissue fluid to be transported

A

substances diffuse into cells along concentration gradients and waste products diffuse out into the tissue fluid

26
Q

factors that effect most of tissue fluid returning to blood vessels after blood leaves capillary beds

A

water potential
-hydrostatic pressure

27
Q

what exerts osmotic effects in blood

A

-plasma proteins
albumin

28
Q

how does water potential effect tissue fluid moving back into the blood capillaries

A

-plasma proteins give blood low water potential of about -3.3 but tissue fluid surrounding capillaries has water potential of -1.3. water moves from area of high to low so water has tendency to move back into blood by osmosis

29
Q

whats oncotic pressure

A

tendency for water to move into or out of the capillary by osmosis

30
Q

how does hydrostatic pressure effect tissue fluid moving back into blood capillaries

A

residual pressure of heartbeat that stays as blood enters through arterial end of capillary end forcing tissue fluid out through leaky capillary beds

31
Q

what determines whether tissue fluid moves in or out of capillaries

A

the balance between oncotic and hydrostatic pressure

32
Q

hydrostatic pressure as blood flows from arterioles into capillary beds

A

high tending to force the fluid out of the capillary at around 3.3 kpa

33
Q

oncotic pressure of plasma in capillaries

A

constant at around -2.0 kpa

34
Q

how does tissue fluid fill around cells for substances to diffuse

A

-hydrostatic pressure forcing fluid out of capillaries higher than oncotic moving water in
-fluid squeezed out of capillaries and fills space around cells
-where diffusion between blood and cells takes place

35
Q

what happens at the venous end of the capillaries

A

-the blood moves steadily and the hydrostatic pressure falls to around 1.0 kpa

36
Q

why does the hydrostatic pressure fall in the venous end of the capillaries

A

the pressure from the pulse is completely lost
-fluid moves out of capillaries to form tissue fluid so volume of blood in capillaries is lowered

37
Q

why does the oncotic pressure remain constant in the venous end of the capillaries

A

due to constant presence of large plasma proteins

38
Q

how does tissue fluid return to blood vessels

A

-pressure exerted by water moving into capillaries by osmosis is greater than hydrostatic pressure forcing fluid out so water returns to capillaries
-by the time blood enters venules most of tissue fluid is lost

39
Q

what happens to the 10% of tissue fluid that is not returned to capillaries

A

drains into blind ended tubes called lymph capillaries and become lymph
-lymph capillaries join to become larger vessels

40
Q

features of lymph vessels

A

one way valves to prevent lymph flowing backwards
-lymph moved through vessels because of muscle contraction as we move

41
Q

where is the lymph returned to

A

-neck area where is joins the left and right subclavian veins found under the collar bone

42
Q

how is lymph different to tissue fluid

A

-has fewer nutrients and less oxygen as taken up by cells from tissue fluid
-high level of fatty acids that are absorbed directly into the lymph system in the villi of the small intestine

43
Q

where are lymph glands found

A

at intervals along the lymph vessels

44
Q

role of lymph glands

A

where lymphocytes accumulate and produce antibodies
-remove bacteria and other pathogens

45
Q

where are the antibodies emptied from lymph glands

A

into the blood with the lymph at the subclavian veins

46
Q
A

Biology topic 4 exchange and transport (13 decks)

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