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Biology topic 4 exchange and transport > circulation > Flashcards

circulation Flashcards

1
Q

features of mass transport systems

A

-systems of vessels that carry substances- usually tubes following route or branching
-way of making sure substances moved in right direction
-moving materials fast enough to supply need of organism
-suitable transport medium

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2
Q

role of internal transport systems

A

-carry substances to every cell in body
-deliver oxygen and nutrients
-remove waste from cells
-substances made internally need to be transported

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3
Q

separate circuits of double system advantage

A

-ensures ox blood and de ox blood cannot mix so tissues receive as much oxygen as possible

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4
Q

fully ox blood delivered at high pressure advantage

A

-blood going through small vessels in lungs low pressure to not damage vessels
-if ox blood at low pressure went to big vessels wouldnt reach everywhere
-ox blood reaches blood and is pumped at high pressures to body

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5
Q

cardiovascular system features

A

-made up of series of vessels with heart as pump to move blood through vessels
-blood transport medium
-passage through vessels is circulation
-delivers materials to body

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6
Q

function of cardiovascular system

A

-carrying hormones from one body part to another
-carrying waste and nutrients
-forming part of defence system of body
-distribute heat

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7
Q

roles of plasma 1

A

-digest food products from small intestine
-nutrient molecules from storage areas to cells
-excretory products from cells to organs like kidney
-hormones from where they are made to to where they cause change

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8
Q

role of plasma 2

A

-helps maintain steady body temp by transfering heat around system from deep seated organs or active tissues
-acts as buffer to PH changes

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9
Q

erythrocytes

A

-contain haemoglobin
-formed in bone marrow
-mature ones dont have nucleus
-120 day life cycle

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10
Q

function of erythrocytes

A

-transport oxygen from lungs to all of cells

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11
Q

adaptations of erythrocytes

A

-bio concave disc shape means they have large surface to volume ratio
-oxygen can diffuse fast
-no nucleus so more space
-haemoglobin carries some of carbon dioxide produced in respiration back to lungs

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12
Q

leucocytes

A

-large than erythrocytes
-formed in bone marrow
-some mature in thymus gland
-

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13
Q

function of leucocytes

A

-defend body against infection

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14
Q

features of leucocytes

A

-all have nucleus
-colourless cytoplasm

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15
Q

2 types of leucocytes

A

-granulocytes
-agranulocytes

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16
Q

types of granulocytes

A

-neutrophils
-eosinophils
-basophils

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17
Q

types of agranulocytes

A

-monocytes
-lymphocytes

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18
Q

granulocytes

A

-have granules in cytoplasm of cells
-take up stain
have lobed nuclei

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19
Q

neutrophils

A

-part of non specific immune system
-engulf and digest pathogens by phagocytosis
-multi lobed nuclei
-70%

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20
Q

eosinophils

A

non specific immune system
-stained red by eosin stain
-against parasites
-immunity to disease
-2-4%

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21
Q

basophils

A

-non specific system
-two lobed nucleus
-produce histamines involved in inflammation and allergic reactions
-0.5-1%

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22
Q

agranulocytes

A

-dont have granules to take up stain
-have unlobed nuclei

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23
Q

monocytes

A

-specific immune system
-largest of leucocytes
-move out of blood to form macrophages
-phagocytosis
-3-8%

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24
Q

lymphocytes

A

-small
-very large nuclei
-20-25%

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25
Q

description of haemoglobin

A

-large globular protein
-four peptide chains
-iron prosthetic group

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26
Q

what does the first oxygen binding to haem do

A

-it alters the arrengement of the molecule making it easier for the following oxygen to bind

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26
Q

-oxyhaemoglobin equation

A

-Hb + 4O2 reversible Hb4O2

27
Q

process in reverse when oxygen dissacosiats from haem

A

-harder to remove the oxygen as they come off

28
Q

conc of oxygen in red blood cells when blood enters lungs

A

low

29
Q

how does oxygen enter red blood cells in lungs

A

-by diffusion from air in lungs

30
Q

why does free oxygen conc in cytoplasm stay low

A

-oxygen picked up and bound to haemoglobin quickly

31
Q

how steep conc gradient maintained from lungs in air to red blood cells

A

-no free oxygen low amount in cytoplasm in lungs as oxygen binds to haemoglobin
-more oxygen diffuses and loaded onto haemoglobin

32
Q

conc of oxygen in body tissue

A

low

33
Q

why does oxygen out into body cells down conc gradient

A

conc of oxygen in cytoplasm of red blood cells higher than in surrounding tissue

34
Q

how much oxygen haem reserves

A

75%

35
Q

how much oxygen gives up to cells

A

25%

36
Q

effect of small affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen

A

-means small change in proportion of oxygen in surrounding air can have big effect on saturation of blood with oxygen

37
Q

haem getting oxygen from lungs

A

loads quickly

38
Q

bohr effect

A

the changes in oxygen dissacociation curve that result as co2 levels change

39
Q

effect of high partial pressure on affinity of haem for oxygen

A

when high partial pressure affinity reduced

40
Q

mothers blood to fetus

A

-ox blood from mother runs through placenta close to the deox fetal blood

41
Q

affinity of mothers haem and fetal haem

A

fetal haem higher affinity for oxygen than mothers so it can remove enough oxygen from maternal blood

42
Q

how oxygen transfer maximised from maternal blood to fetus

A

counter current exchange system of maternal and fetus blood

43
Q

myoglobin

A

respiratory pigment found in the muscle tissue of vertebrates

44
Q

features of myoglobin

A

found in muscle
-small bright red
-haem group
-similar to single haemoglobin chain
-higher affinity for o2 than haem

45
Q

partial pressure and myoglobin affinity

A

higher affinity than haemoglobin and not affected by partial pressure of 02 in tissues

46
Q

what does myoglobin act as

A

oxygen store because doesnt let oxygen go easily
-when co2 levels really high lets o2 go

47
Q

diffusion of waste co2

A

-diffuse from respiring body cells into blood along conc gradient

48
Q

product of carbon dioxide with water dissolved in blood

A

reacts slowly to form carbonic acid

49
Q

ions formed by carbonic acid

A

H+
-HCO3-

50
Q

equation of carbon dioxide and water reaction

A

CO2+ H2O reversible H2CO3 reversible HCO3 - H+

51
Q

how much co2 carries in plasma solution

A

5%

52
Q

carbaminohaemoglobin

A

co2 that combines with haemoglobin molecules

53
Q

how is most of co2 transported

A

transported in the cytoplasm of the red blood cells as hydrogencarbonate ions

54
Q

carbonic anhydrase

A

-controls rate of reaction between co2 and water to form carbonic acid

55
Q

carbonic anhydrase role in body tissues

A

high conc of co2 in blood so catalysed formation of carbonic acid

56
Q

role of carbonic anhydrase in lungs

A

-conc of co2 low
-catalyses reverse reaction and free co2 diffuses out of blood and into lungs

57
Q

effects of losing blood

A

-blood volume falls
-pathogens get into your body from open wound

58
Q

serotonin

A

makes smooth muscle of blood vessel to contract
-narrow blood vessels cutting of blood flow to damaged area

59
Q

thromboplastin

A

-enzyme that sets in progress cascade for clot formation

60
Q

cascade order

A

-thromboplastin
-prothrombin - protein
-thrombin -enzyme
-fibrinogen- protein
-fibrin- protein

61
Q

prothrombin

A

large soluble protein
-found in plasma converted to thrombin by thromboplastin

62
Q

conditions needed for step 1 of cascade

A

calcium ions need to be present at right conc for reaction to happen

63
Q

fibrinogen

A

thrombin acts on it to make fibrin

64
Q

fibrin

A

insoluble protein
-forms mesh to cover wounds
-more platelets come to form clot
-special protein in platelets contract making clot tighter and form scab to protect for healing

Biology topic 4 exchange and transport (12 decks)

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