Blood Coagulation and wound repair

Question 1

What is hemostasis?

Answer 1

set of processes that will help you from bleeding out

Question 2

steps of blood clotting

Answer 2

injury –> spasm –> formation of platelet plug –> fibrin clot

Question 3

What is primary hemostasis?

Answer 3

vasoconstriction and platelet response

Question 4

What does serotonin play a role in?

Answer 4

vasoconstriction near site of injury

Question 5

What is secondary hemostasis?

Answer 5

clotting cascade

Question 6

What does cleavage of fibrinogen by thrombin do?

Answer 6

make insoluble fibrin that forms cross-linked fibrin mesh at the site of injury

Question 7

What do platelets release when binding?

Answer 7

ADP, serotonin, and thromboxane A2

Question 8

What does thromboxane A2 do?

Answer 8

cause vasoconstriction and attach other platelets

Question 9

What is a platelet plug?

Answer 9

aggregation of many platelets stimulated by thromboxane A2 and ADP

Question 10

What is serotonin derived from?

Answer 10

tryptophan (in turkey)

Question 11

What is a precursor for thromboxane A2?

Answer 11

arachidonic acid

Question 12

What is the process of platelet activation?

Answer 12

GPIIb/IIIa undergoes conformational change to reveal vWF or fibrinogen
-binds to vWF and promotes strong adhesion

Question 13

Are platelets active all the time?

Answer 13

no do not become activated until there is an injury

Question 14

What allows platelets to bind in correct spot?

Answer 14

von Willebrand factor

Question 15

What allows platelets to bind to one another?

Answer 15

fibrinogen

Question 16

Is platelet aggregation fast?

Answer 16

yes happens in minutes not hours

Question 17

What activates the external clotting cascade?

Answer 17

external trauma that allows blood to escape from the vascular system
(factor 7)

Question 18

Is the extrinsic pathway quicker or slower than intrinsic?

Answer 18

quicker

Question 19

What activates the intrinsic pathway?

Answer 19

trauma inside the vascular system and platelets
(factor 12, 11, 9, and 8)

Question 20

What are the common factors in the extrinsic and intrinsic pathway?

Answer 20

1, 2, 5, and 10

Question 21

Steps of the common pathway

Answer 21

-prothrombin to thrombin
-fibrinogen to fibrin

Question 22

What is factor I?

Answer 22

fibrinogen
-cleaved by thrombin to form fibrin clot

Question 23

What is factor II?

Answer 23

prothrombin
-activated on surface of activated platelets by prothrombinase complex

Question 24

What activates factor XIII?

Answer 24

activated by thrombin in presence of Ca2+
-stabilizs fibrin clot by covalent cross linking

Question 25

cross-linking is dependent on what?

Answer 25

calcium

Question 26

What is von Willebrand factor?

Answer 26

associated with subendothelial connective tissue -serves as a bridge between platelet, glycoprotein GPIb/IX, and collagen

Question 27

What is thrombomodulin?

Answer 27

protein on the surface of endothelial cells -binds thrombin and activates protein C -modulates clotting pathway (idk which one)

Question 28

What is the role of carboxyglutamate?

Answer 28

hold enzymes onto the surface of the cell membrane

Question 29

Which molecules have carboxyglutamate residues?

Answer 29

thrombin and factors 7, 9, and 10

Question 30

What is vitamin K?

Answer 30

cofactor for carboxyglutamates -fat soluble

Question 31

What are the 4 fat soluble vitamins?

Answer 31

D, E, A, and K

Question 32

What happens if you do not have enough Vitamin K?

Answer 32

it is needed to turn glutamate to carboxyglutamate which is very necessary in common pathway so without it you have clotting issues

Question 33

What do fibrin molecules look like?

Answer 33

lincoln logs -they aggregate together and make stable arrangement

Question 34

What catalyzes crosslinking of fibrin?

Answer 34

transglutaminase (factor 13)

Question 35

What activates the cleavage of fibrin?

Answer 35

thrombin and thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor

Question 36

What are the four steps of wound healing?

Answer 36

hemostasis inflammation proliferation remodeling

Question 37

What is inflammation stage?

Answer 37

bacteria and debris are phagocytosed and removed from wound site -factors cause migration and division of cells in proliferation stage -take a few days

Question 38

what is the proliferative stage?

Answer 38

angiogenesis, collagen deposition, granulation tissue formation, epithelialization, and wound contraction

Question 39

What is the remodeling phase?

Answer 39

collagen is remodel and realigned along tension force lines and cells no linger needed are removed by apoptosis

Question 40

what causes scaring?

Answer 40

overproduction of the matrix

Question 41

what is fibronectin?

Answer 41

works as a regulator of platelet function and mediator of hemostasis

Question 42

characteristics of the plasma form of fibronectin:

Answer 42

secreted by hepatocytes and modulates platelet formation

Question 43

characteristics of cellular form of fibronectin:

Answer 43

secreted by cells as part of extracellular matrix and functions as a scaffold protein

Question 44

What is acid citrate dextrose?

Answer 44

solution used to disrupt platelet coagulation and prevent clotting

Question 45

How acid citrate dextrose solution prevent blood clotting?

Answer 45

Citrate binds to the calcium present and does not allow it to bind and start the clotting cascade

Question 46

What is prothrombin time?

Answer 46

test to diagnose a bleeding disorder -measured in seconds -measure of the integrity of the extrinsic pathway and final common pathway

Question 47

What is a healthy international normalized ratio?

Answer 47

1.1 or below

Question 48

What does an INR range of 2-3 mean?

Answer 48

effective therapeutic range for people that are taking warfarin for blood clots or atrial fibrilation -inhibiting clotting

Question 49

What can interfere with wound healing?

Answer 49

diabetes, venous or arterial disease, old age, or infection

Question 50

Drugs that reduce blood clots:

Answer 50

warfarin, pradaxa, xarelto, eliquis, plavix

Question 51

What does warfarin do?

Answer 51

depletes vitamin K reserves to prevent clotting and competitively inhibits VKORC1(essential enzyme for activating vitamin K)

Question 52

what do we use coumadin for?

Answer 52

to kill the nasty little rats