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Biochem exam 3 > Innate and Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Innate and Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

What is the immune system?

A

tissues, cells, and molecules involved in adaptive immunity
-sometimes the totality of host defense mechanisms

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2
Q

where do all cellular elements of the blood and immune system arise from?

A

pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow

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3
Q

Who was the mans that decided to put nasty cow pox on a little boys arm?

A

Edward Jenner

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4
Q

What are the most common things that cause disease in humans?

A

virus, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and worms

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5
Q

What is the innate immune response?

A

host response to infection which is quick and non-specific
-this is present at birth

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6
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

antigen-specific lymphocytes to antigens
-generated by clonal selection of lymphocytes/ antibody production

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7
Q

When is innate immunity active?

A

0-4 hours

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8
Q

When is early induced innate response active?

A

4-96 hours

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9
Q

When is adaptive immune response active?

A

after 96 hours

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10
Q

What are the major cells of innate immunity?

A

macrophages, granulocytes (neutrophils), mast cells, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells

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11
Q

What are the major cells of adaptive immunity?

A

B and T cells
NK cells
plasma cells

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12
Q

How do infections trigger immune response?

A

-bacteria trigger macrophages to release cytokines and chemokines
-vasodilation and increases vascular permeability cause redness, heat, and swelling
-inflammatory cells migrate into tissue, releasing inflammatory mediators that cause pain

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13
Q

How do dendritic cells initiate adaptive immunity?

A

-immature dendritic cells reside in peripheral tissues
-dendritic cells migrate via lymphatic vessels to regional lymph nodes
-mature dendritic cells activate naive T cells in lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes

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14
Q

What is the first barrier against most microorganisms and have rapid repair mechanisms if injured?

A

epithelial (mucosal) surfaces

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15
Q

Are infectious disease common?

A

no, the body is typically able to resist the infection

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16
Q

How does the mucosal epithelial cells protect against infection?

A

-goblet cells secrete mucous (protective covering)
-swallowing in mouth and peristalsis in GI tract moves potential pathogens through GI system
-ciliated epithelial cells in upper respiratory tract
-Paneth cells that produce anti-microbial peptides
-various T cells

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17
Q

What is the best studied mucosal immune system?

A

components of the gut-associated lymphatic tissue

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18
Q

Is mucosal immunity proactive or reactive?

A

proactive
-uses pre-existing generalized mechanism to clear infection

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19
Q

Is the adaptive immune system proactive or reactive?

A

reactive
-responds to specific pathogens

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20
Q

What is a type I mucosal surface?

A

covered by simple epithelium
-express polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (transcytose IgA through epithelial cell)
-allow IgA to interact with the pathogen
-intestine, lungs, and uterus

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21
Q

What is a type II mucosal surface?

A

covered by stratified squamous epithelium that provides a physical barrier
-oral cavity and vaginal cavity

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22
Q

Is there only mode of transmission for infectious pathogens?

Study These Flashcards
A

no!
there are many ways
-inhaled droplets, spores, contaminated water or food, and physical contact (and others)

23
Q

Infection and stages of immune response:

Study These Flashcards
A

-adherence to epithelium
-local infection, penetration, of epithelium
-local infection or tissues
-adaptive immunity

24
Q

What are some bactericidal agents produced or released by phagocytes?

Study These Flashcards
A

-acidification
-toxic oxygen-derived products
-toxic nitrogen
-antimicrobial peptide
-enzymes
-competitors

25
Three types of mucosal epithelial cells in host defense:
villus types ciliated epithelium exocrine glands
26
What is mucosal microbiota?
-density varies -generally nonpathogenic and present only in the outer mucous layer -utilize mucin glycoproteins for energy
27
What is the mucus layer? (in gut mucosal barrier)
-viscous properties due to mucin glycoproteins -contains an array of antimicrobial peptides and antibodies
28
What are goblet cells?
produce secreted gel-forming mucin, glycoproteins, trefoil peptides, and RELM-beta
29
What do leukocytes and stroma do?
-regulate secretory cell differentiation -modulate epithelial secretory function -produce secretory IgA
30
What are Paneth cells?
produce antimicrobial peptides, lectins, and cytokines
31
What is the inner mucus layer?
-relatively sterile -rich in antimicrobial molecules
32
What is the outer mucus layer?
-non-sterile -degrading mucos -microbes utilize mucin carbohydrates for energy
33
What do plasma cells do?
antibodies
34
What is called when the antibodies divide a lot?
clonal expansion
35
Do progenitors give rise to only one specific lymphocyte?
no, the ones they make many that have different specificities
36
What are the two components of an antibody molecule?
variable region (antigen binding site) and constant region (effector region)
37
What creates the diversity of lymphocyte antigen receptors?
somatic gene segment rearrangements
38
What are the light chains of antobodies?
v (variable) and J (joining segment) -kappa light chain on chromosome 2 -lambda light chain on chromosome 22
39
What are the heavy chain genes and their location?
alpha, delta, epsilon, gamma, and mu -on chromosome 14
40
How many different light chains are there?
290
41
How many different kappa chain variables are there?
140
42
How many different gamma chain variables are there?
150
43
How many different heavy chains can be created?
13,800
44
How many total different binding specificities are there?
4,002,000
45
What is the spot that antigens bind to antibody receptors?
epitopes
46
Process of T cell receptor binding of antigen
-epitope recognized by t cell receptor often burned -the antigen must be broken down into peptide fragments -epitope peptide binds to a self molecule, MHC molecule -t cell receptor binds to a complex of MHC molecuile and epitope peptide
47
What are the three ways antibodies participate in host defense?
1. bacterial toxin -> neutralization -> ingestion by macrophage 2. bacteria in extracellular space -> oponization -> ingestion by macrophage 3. bacteria in plasma -> complement activation -> lysis and ingestion
48
What are major histocompatibility complex molecules/receptors?
large loci of DNA that encode genes for cell surface receptors that are essential for adaptive immune response
49
What are MHC I molecules?
molecules that collect peptides derived from proteins synthesized in the cytosol from viral infections and display those peptides on the cell surface -single transmembrane spanning domain
50
What are MHC II molecules?
molecules that bind peptides derived from proteins in intracellular vesicles and display those on the cell surface -two transmembrane spanning domains
51
Steps of viral infection using MHC class I receptors:
-virus infects cell -viral proteins synthesized in cytosol -peptide fragments of viral proteins bound by MHC class I in ER -bound peptides transported by MHC class I to the cell surface
52
What do cytotoxic T cells recognize?
complex of viral peptide with MHC class I and kills infected cells
53
How do MHC class II receptors work?
-bacteria infects macrophages and enter vesicle, producing peptide fragments -bacteria fragments bound by MHC class II in vesicles -bound peptides transported by MHC class II to the cell surface -antigen bound by B-cell surface receptor -antigen internalized and degraded to peptide fragments -fragments bind to MHC class II and are transported to the cell surface
54
Are immune responses always helpful?
no, they can be harmful

Biochem exam 3 (10 decks)

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