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HEMATOLOGY > Blood Collection, Anticoagulants And Others (including safety) > Flashcards

Blood Collection, Anticoagulants And Others (including safety) Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

Greek:
Haima = blood
Logos = study

A

Hematology

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2
Q

Red liquid circulating in the heart, veins (5mm), arteries (4mm and capillaries (8 um)

A

Blood

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3
Q

Functions of the blood

A

Respiratory
Nutritional
Excretory
Buffering action
Maintenance of body temperature
Transport of hormones
Defense mechanism

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4
Q

Blood composition: Solid part

A

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes (Granular - Neutro, Eosi, Baso) (Agranular - Mono, Lympho)
Thrombocytes

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5
Q

Technique to obtain blood from:
Newborns/ Pediatric
Burned px
Px whose veins are reserved for therapeutic purposes
Extremely obese
Elderly px

A

Skin puncture

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6
Q

Puncture site for infants (< 1 yr old)

A

Plantar surface (Medial or lateral side)

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7
Q

Puncture site children (>1 yr old) and adults

A

Palmar surface of non-dominant hand (3rd or 4th finger)

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8
Q

Depth of skin puncture (infants and small children)

A

< 2 mm

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9
Q

Depth of skin puncture (adults)

A

2 to 2.5 mm

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10
Q

Devices of collecting blood through skin puncture

A

Capillary tubes
Microcollection tubes

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11
Q

Order of draw (Skin puncture) “T S E O S”

A

Tube for blood gas analysis
Slide
EDTA
Other anticoagulants
Serum

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12
Q

Most common site (Venipuncture)

A

Superficial veins of antecubital fossa

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13
Q

Choice of veins

A
  1. Median cubital
  2. Cephalic
  3. Basilic
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14
Q

Angle bet. skin and needle (Venipuncture)

A

< 30 degrees

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15
Q

Tourniquet application (Lenth of time)

A

Less than 1 minute

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16
Q

Effects of prolonged tourniquet application

A

Hemoconcentration
Hemolysis
Shortened coagulation time

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17
Q

Most important practice to prevent spread of infectious disease
At least 15 seconds

A

Handwashing

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18
Q

Tourniquet application (Distance)

A

3 to 4 inches
7.5 to 10 cm

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19
Q

Common needle size and length for adult venipuncture

A

21 G (Needle size)
1 inch (Length)

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20
Q

Causes of specimen hemolysis (5)

A

Prolonged tourniquet application
Moisture/ contamination in blood collection tube
Needles with too small bore
Excessive agitation
Frothing of blood sample

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21
Q

Anticoagulants for venipuncture (3)

A

EDTA
Heparin
Sodium citrate

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22
Q

Prefererred anticoagulant for platelet countd

A

EDTA

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23
Q

Lavender/ Purple top
No. of inversions = 8x
For hematology
Action = Chelation of calcium

A

EDTA or Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

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24
Q

Green top
No of inversions = 8x
Used for = Flow cytometry, Plasma chemistry, OFT, Blood gas studies
Action = Binds to anti thrombin
Optimal anticoagulant concentration = 15-20 units/ml of blood

A

Heparin

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25
Light blue top No of inversions = 3-4x For coagulation studies Action = Chelation of calcium
3.2 Sodium citrate
26
Order of draw (Venipuncture) “B C S H E S”
Blood culture Citrated Serum Heparin EDTA Sodium fluoride
27
Other blood collection tubes: SPS (Sodium Polyethanol Sulfonate) or ACD (Acid Citrate Dextrose) For blood culture
Yellow top
28
Other blood collection tubes: K2 EDTA Lead determination = contains < 0.01 ug/ml lead
Tan top
29
Other blood collection tubes: K2 EDTA For toxicology, trace element determination = low levels of trace elements
Royal blue top
30
Other blood collection tubes: K2 EDTA with GEL For molecular diagnostic tests
White top
31
Other blood collection tubes: 3.8% Sodium citrate For westergren/ ESR
Black top
32
Other blood collection tubes: K2 EDTA For blood bank test and whole blood hematology determination
Pink top
33
Other blood collection tubes: Either be 3.2% sodium citrate or CTAD (Citrate, Theophyline, Adenosine, Dipyridamole) For coagulation tests or Platelet function tests
Light blue top
34
Peripheral Blood Smear: Sources of Specimens
EDTA blood Anti-coagulant free blood
35
EDTA blood spears should be made within _____ hours after collection.
2 hours
36
Advantages of EDTA Blood Smear (3)
Multiple blood smears May be prepared at a later time Proventd platelet clumping or aggregation
37
Disadvantages of EDTA blood smear (2)
Platelet satellitosis EDTA-induced platelet clumping
38
Advantages of Anticoagulant-free blood (2)
Made at the px side Some artifacts may be prevented
39
Disadvantages of Anticoagulant-free blood (2)
Platelet clumpingb Few films can be made
40
Methods of blood film preparation (3)
Two-glass method (Manual wedge method) Coverslip method Automated methods
41
Angle bet. pusher slide and film slide
30 to 45 degrees
42
Scanning methods (2)
Longitudinal - Tail to head Battlement - Bakcck and forth serpentine
43
Two types of coverslip technique
Glass slide-coverslip method or Beacom’s Two-coverslip method or Ehrlich’s
44
Methods of film preparation: Rarely used Used for making Bone marraw aspirate Excellent for WBC distribution
Coverslip technique
45
Two types of automated methods
Miniprep = semi auto, prortable Centrifugal (Spinner) Type = uses 0.2 well-mixed anticiagulated blood and has even distribution of blood cells Coulter LH Sysmex SP-10
46
Techniques for blood film staining: 1. Fixative 2. Stain 3. Buffer
1. Methanol 2. Wright or wright-giemsa 3. 0.5 M Sodium Phosphate
47
Any stain which consists methylene blue and halogenated flurescein dye
Romanowsky-type stain
48
Basic stain Stains nucleus and some cytoplasmic structures a blue or purple color
Methylene blue
49
Acidic stain Stains cytoplasmic structures an orange-red color
Eosin
50
What type of stain are the following: Wright stain Giemsa May-grunwald stain
Romanosky-type stain
51
Techniques of staining (3)
Manual Automated Quick
52
Characteristics of Well-stained Smear (Macroscopic)
Pink to purple
53
Characteristics of Well-stained Smear (Microscopic) What are the demostrated color of the following: 1. RBC 2. WBC Nuclei 3. Neutrophil cytoplasm 4. Eosinphil granules
1. Orange to salmon pink 2. Purple to blue 3. Pink to tan with violet to lilac granules 4. Bright-orange
54
Evaluation of PBS: Unusual findings = Blood film bluer than normal
Increased blood proteins Plasma cell myeloma or Multiple myeloma
55
Evaluation of PBS: Unusual finding = Grainy appearance
RBC agglutination
56
Evaluation of PBS: Unusual findings = Holes all over the films
Increased lipid levels
57
Evaluation of PBS: Unusual findings = Blue specks
Markedly increased WHC counts and platelet counts
58
Microscopic Examination Objective that: Assess overall film quality Detect snoplow effect Detect fibrin strands Recognize rouleaux formation
10x objective or LPO
59
Microscopic examination Objective that: Red cells have central pallow Cells are appropriately stained
40x high dry or 5x OIO
60
Multiplication factor of 40x high dry
x 2000
61
Multiplication factor of 50x OIO
x 3000
62
Microscopic examination Objective that: Examine nuclear details of WBC For tabulation of actual WBC differential and estimation of platelet count
100x OIO
63
Parasites that may appear in the blood smear (3)
Malaria Filaria Trypanosomes
64
Malaria species that infect humans (5)
P. falciparum P. vivax P. ovale P. malariae P. knowlesi
65
Patients resistant to falciparum infection.
Sickle cell patients
66
Most pathologic malaria specie
P. falciparum
67
Most prevalent plasmodium specie
P. vivax
68
Blood films: Ideal for initial screening of blood Stained with a water-based wright giemsa without methanol fixation
Thick blood films
69
Blood films: For species identification and determination of percent parasitemia Stained after methanol fixation
Thin blood films
70
How many fields on the thick and thin blood films must be examined for malaria?
300 fields
71
Filaria species that infect humans (3)
Wuchereria bancrofti Brugia malayi Loa loa
72
Trypanosomes species that infect humans (3)
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense Trypanosoma brucie gambiense Trypanosoma cruzi
73
Storage of blood smear slides
At least 7 days before proper disposal

HEMATOLOGY (5 decks)

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