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Blood constituents Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

What percentage of the blood is made up of cellular components?

A

45%

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2
Q

What percentage of the blood is made up of fluid component

A

55%

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3
Q

How long (average) do red blood cells live?

A

120 days

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4
Q

How long (average) do white blood cells live?

A

Varies by type

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5
Q

How long (average) do platelets live?

A

7 to 10 days

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6
Q

Where are red blood cells made in adults? (and where do they go)

A

In the bone marrow (once mature they enter the blood stream)

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7
Q

What is the original pluripotent stem cell responsible for the formation of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets?

A

Haemopoietic cell

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8
Q

What is the formation of red blood cells called?

A

Erythropoiesis

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9
Q

What is the formation of white blood cells called?

A

Myelopoiesis

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10
Q

What is the formation of platelets called?

A

Thrombopoiesis

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11
Q

5 Key features of red blood cells

A 
No nucleus
No mitochondria
Biconcave shape
Contains haemoglobin
7.5 micrometres in diameter
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12
Q

What is normal adult haemoglobin comprised of (chains)?

A

2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains

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13
Q

What is foetal haemoglobin comprised of (chains)?

A

2 alpha chains and 2 gamma chains

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14
Q

What is haemoglobin A2 comprised of (chains)?

A

2 alpha and 2 delta chains

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15
Q

2 common methods of studying haemoglobin:

A

High performance liquid chromatography
or
Haemoglobin electrophoresis

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16
Q

What does the term hypoplastic mean?

A

There are not enough red blood cells (/haemoglobin)

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17
Q

What does the term dyshaemopoietic mean?

A

There is ineffective production of red blood cells (/haemoglobin)

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18
Q

What does the term haemolytic mean?

A

It means the break down of red blood cells

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19
Q

What does the term intrinsic mean?

A

It means factors within the cell (e.g. red blood cell)

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20
Q

What does the term extrinsic mean?

A

It means factors outside the cell (e.g. red blood cell)

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21
Q

What are the 5 main types of white blood cell?

A 
Neutrophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Basophils
Eosinophils
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22
Q

How long do neutrophils live for?

A

6 to 10 hours

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23
Q

How long do monocytes live for?

A

20 to 40 hours

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24
Q

How long do lymphocytes live for?

A

weeks to years - most live a few months but some can live much longer

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25
How long to basophils live for?
days (less than 7) - typically 3 or 4
26
How long do eosinophils live for?
day (less than 7) - can be around 1 or 2 weeks
27
3 key features of neutrophils
Most numerous type of white blood cell Trigger the inflammatory response Able to phagocytose increase in number if there is a *bacterial* infection
28
What are the 2 main cell types that monocytes differentiate into?
Macrophages and dentritic cells.
29
What is the function of macrophages?
To phagocytose bacteria (+foreign material)
30
What is the function of dentritic cells?
To present antigens to the immune system.
31
What are the 2 main cell types that lymphocytes differentiate into?
B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes
32
What percentage of lymphocytes are comprised of B lymphocytes?
about 20%
33
What percentage of lymphocytes are comprised of T lymphocytes
about 80%
34
What is the function of B lymphocytes?
Stimulate antibody production when stimulated by foreign antibodies
35
Where do B lymphocytes mature?
In the bone marrow
36
Where do T lymphocytes mature?
In the thymus
37
What is the function of T lymphocytes?
To aid B cells and to reform the cell mediated response.
38
Where are basophils located?
Mainly in the connective tissue - relatively rare in the peripheral blood
39
What is the function of basophils?
Form part of the allergic response - they contain histamine containing granules. Provide protection against *viral* infections
40
What is the function of eosinophils?
Form part of the allergic response - provide protection against *parasites* They can counter the effects of histamine
41
What are the 5 cell types that monocytes differentiate into (and where are these most commonly located in the body)?
``` Tissue macrophages - everywhere Dentritic cells - everywhere Kupffer cells - liver Osteoclasts - bone Alveolar macrophages - lungs ```
42
What is the name of the cell from which platelets are formed (more immediately)
Megakaryocytes
43
What key "thing" do eosinophils contain?
Charcot-Leyden crystals
44
Which types of white blood cells contain IgE receptors?
Basophils and Eosinophils
45
What occurs if there is not enough platelets outside the blood
Bleeding
46
What occurs if there is too many platelets inside the blood
Thrombosis
47
Where are platelets produced?
In the bone marrow (once mature they are released into the blood)
48
What are 3 key features of platelets?
Anucleate Responsible for primary homeostasis Circulate in an inactive state
49
What causes platelets to activate? (simplistic)
Damage occurs --> platelet bind/adheres --> platelet changes shape = is activated
50
What percentage of plasma is water and what percentage is made up of things like salts, glucose and proteins?
Water = ~90% | Salts/glucose/protein (etc) = ~10%
51
What is the appearance of plasma?
It is a clear, straw coloured liquid
52
What is the importance of albumin in plasma?
Determines the oncotic pressure of the blood.
53
Where is albumin produced?
In the liver
54
What does a deficiency in factor VIII result in?
Haemophilia A
55
What does a deficiency in factor IX result in?
Haemophilia B
56
What is the rarest form of leukocyte?
Basophil
57
Can histology differentiate between different types of lymphocyte? - if so how
Can identify plasma cells but cannot differentiate the rest. | Plasma cells have a predominant Golgi body and stain with pinkish purple cytoplasm (due to high levels of RNA).
58
I have a nucleus and am multi-lobular, what am I?
A neutrophil
59
I have a nucleus and prominent dark blue granules, what am I?
A basophil
60
I have a nucleus and bright prink granules, what am I?
An eosinophil
61
I have a nucleus which is kidney shaped, what am I?
A monocyte
62
I have a darkly stained nucleus and little cytoplasm, what am I?
A lymphocyte
63
I have a nucleus and a prominent Golgi body, what am I?
Plasma cell

1 Cardiovascular System (4 decks)

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