Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

2 - Diseases Of The Human System > Blood Diseases - 1 > Flashcards

Blood Diseases - 1 Flashcards

(66 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A
  • transport of nutrients
  • removal of waste
  • transport host defences
  • ability to carry nutrients/waste/defences
  • ability to self repair
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

plasma
RBCs
WBCs
platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the major types of plasma proteins and what are their functions?

A

Albumin (osmotic pressure)
Globulins (antibodies, transport proteins)
Fibrinogens (blood clotting)
Other (various roles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the abbreviations used in medicine?

A
  • FBC - Full Blood Count
    – Includes ALL of the values below
  • RBC - red blood cells
    – Sometimes referred to as the RCC - red cell count
  • WCC - white cell count
  • PLT - Platelets
  • HCT - Haematocrit
  • MCV - Mean Cell Volume
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is low Hb called?

A

anaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is low WCC called?

A

leukopenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is low platelets called called?

A

thrombocytopenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is it called when all cells are reduced in the blood?

A

pancytopenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does one decreased change in blood count mean?

A

reactive change to the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do multiple decreased changes in blood count mean?

A

bone marrow failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is raised Hb called?

A

polycythaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is raised WCC called?

A

leukocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is raised platelets called?

A

thrombocythaemia / thrombocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does one increased change in blood count mean?

A

reactive or pre-neoplastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do multiple increased changes in blood count mean?

A

pre-neoplastic (myelodysplasia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is leukaemia?

A

neoplastic blood malignancy
proliferation of white cells
Usually disseminated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is lymphoma?

A

neoplastic blood malignancy
proliferation of white cells
a solid tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What lineage is the origin of all leukocytes excluding lymphocytes?

A

myeloid stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What lineage is the origin of lymphocytes?

A

lymphoid stem stells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why is awareness of linage important?

A

cancers derived from different lineages behave differently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is important to note about blood cancers?

A
  • Any haematological cell line can turn neoplastic at a number of stages
  • The earlier in the cell line this occurs the more potentially aggressive the malignancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the lymphoid blood cancers? acute/chronic

A

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
Hodgkin lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Multiple myeloma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the myeloid blood cancers? acute/chronic

A

Acute myeloid leukaemia
Chronic myeloid leukaemia
Myeloproliferative disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is porphyria?

A

abnormality of haem metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the main groups of porphyria?
– Hepatic porphyrias – Erythropoietic porphyrias
26
What is the dentally clinically relevant porphyrias type?
* Acute intermittent (AIP) – Triggered by medicines including LA
27
What are the clinical effects of porphyria?
* Photosensitive rash (at any time) * Neuropsychiatric disturbance in acute attacks * Hypertension & tachycardia may be fatal
28
What are the two reasons a blood transfusion may occur?
o Where one or more components of the blood has to be replaced quickly - Red cells, platelets, Clotting factors (fresh frozen plasma) o Where the bone marrow cannot produce blood cells - Red cells, platelets
29
When would the whole blood be replaced?
when patient is losing blood volume very quickly
30
What is the ABO system?
* **A:** Red blood cells have A antigens. * **B:** Red blood cells have B antigens. * **AB:** Red blood cells have both A and B antigens. * **O:** Red blood cells have neither A nor B antigens.
31
What is the D system?
the rhesus factor can be + or - important with maternal compatibility
32
What may be detected at the cross matching stage?
other cell surface antigens that are irregular
33
When should a blood transfusion be given?
* Blood loss * Specific production problems with - * RBC, Platelets * Plasma proteins * clotting factors, albumin, gamma globulins
34
What can happen during transfusions?
* Transfusion reactions * Transmission of infection – not yet detected types
35
What are surface antigens made off?
combination of different chain sugars
36
What will happen in cross-matching testing if the blood has antibodies for the transfused blood?
agglutination
37
What are tranfusion complications?
* Incompatible blood -RBC lysis -Fever, jaundice, death! * Fluid overload - Heart failure * Transmission of infection
38
What is anemia?
* Anaemia is a reduction in HAEMOGLOBIN in the blood from the NORMAL values for that population
39
What are the two ways anemia can arise?
* Haemoglobin issues can be from an inability to make the HAEM (usually iron deficiency) or inability to make the correct GLOBIN chains – can be Thalassemia, Sickle Cell or other ‘haemoglobinopathies’
40
What can the size of the red blood cells indicate?
the size of the red blood cells (MCV) can give a clue as to the CAUSE of the anaemia
41
What does anaemia have nothing to do with?
Anaemia is nothing to do with the numbers of red blood cells – anaemia can happen with too many OR to few red cells
42
What are the problem anemia causes?
o reduced PRODUCTION o increased LOSSES o increased DEMAND
43
Why would there be reduced RBCs?
marrow failure
44
Why would there be reduced Hb?
- deficiency states - Fe, Folate, Vit B12 - abnormal globin chains oThalassaemia oSickle Cell - chronic inflammatory disease
45
What is aplastic marrow?
bone marrow cannot make enough RBCs resulting in aplastic anaemia
46
What are haematinics?
things used to make the red blood cells
47
What are the 3 haematinic deficiencies?
* Iron * Vitamin B12 * Folic Acid (folate)
48
What are the sources of iron?
meat green leafy veg iron tablets
49
How is heme iron absorbed?
transported directly through intestinal cell walls in heme transporters
50
How is non-heme (Fe3+) iron absorbed?
cannot be absorbed and requires conversion to Fe2+ by stomach acid to be transported through intestinal cell wall
51
What are both types of iron stored as in the intestine?
ferritin
52
What are diseases reducing iron absorption?
* Achlorhydria - Lack of stomach acid no conversion of non-haem iron may be Drug induced (Proton Pump Inhibitors) (lansoprazole, omeprazole) * Coeliac Disease
53
What are vitamin B12 sources?
Milk and diary Eggs Meat Fish Poultry
54
How are vitamin B12 supplements given?
injections oral
55
Diseases that affect folic acid absorption also affect...
iron absorption
56
What are the reasons for vitamin B12 deficiency?
* Lack of intake – strict vegans * Lack of intrinsic factor - Autoimmune stomach disease – Pernicious anaemia - Gastric disease - Disease of terminal Ilium * Crohn’s disease
57
What are folic acid sources?
leafy green veg
58
What are the reasons for folic acid deficiency?
* Lack of intake - Peculiar diet habits * Absorption failure - Jejunal disease – coeliac disease - Usually seen co-deficient with iron
59
What can folic acid deficiency lead to in fetal life?
neural tube defects - spina bifida
60
How can haematinic deficiencies be recognised?
blood tests
61
What are b globin chains better at?
better at removing oxygen from maternal circulation for babies needs
62
What is thalassaemia?
normal haem production Genetic mutation of globin chains Alpha chains (alpha thalassaemia) in Asians Beta chains (beta thalassaemia) in Mediterraneans
63
What are the clinical effects of thalassaemia?
Chronic anaemia Marrow hyperplasia (skeletal deformities) Splenomegaly Cirrhosis Gallstones
64
What is the management of thalassamia?
blood transfusions
65
What is important to prevent during blood transfusions as treatment in thalassemia in regards to the liver?
prevent iron overload leading to cirrhosis as there is normal haem production
66
What is sickle cell anaemia?
Abnormal B Globin chains * Change shape in low oxygen environments * Prevent RBC from passing through the capillaries * Tissue ischaemia – pain and necrosis * Heterozygous (sickle cell trait) * Homozygous (sickle cell disease)

2 - Diseases Of The Human System (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions