Blood Diseases - 2 Flashcards
(57 cards)
What are the reasons for decreases in normal red cells?
Usually bleeding - chronic from GI
What are the reasons for decreases abnormal red cells?
autoimmune
hereditary conditions - span (<120 days)
removed by the spleen
Why would the spleen enlarge if cells have reduced life span?
due to overactivity of spleen trying to remove dead RBCs
What is microcytic, macrocytic, and normocytic in anaemia cell terminology ?
o microcytic
- small RBC - Fe def., Thalassaemia
o macrocytic
- large RBC - B12/folate def., Retics
o normocytic
- normal RBC - bleed, renal, chronic disease
What is hypochromic?
- hypo (less) chromic (colour)
Due to there being less Haemoglobin in the red cells
most often microcytic and hypochromic
What is ansiocytic?
Red cells are always a range of sizes even in normal people. This is exaggerated in anisocytosis – very big cells and very small cells in the same sample
What are macrocytic cells a sign of?
immature RBCs that have not shrunk
What are reticulocytes?
oAlmost mature RBC
oReleased early into the circulation to replace losses
oWill raise MCV (mean cell volume)
When would reticulocytes be present and how would they look?
have residual organelles and are larger
when patient has lost blood and is rapidly trying to replace RBCs
What are signs?
things a clinican can see upon examination
What are symtoms?
symptoms are things the patient will conplain about
What are the signs of anemia?
pale (mucosa)
tachycardia
smooth tongue/ loss of papilla (iron deficiency)
Rarely
enlarged liver
enlarged spleen
What are the symptoms of anaemia?
tired and weak
dizzy
SOB (shortnessofbreath)
palpitations
What oral disease commonly presents with iron deficiency?
angular chelitis
What oral sign can occur with vit B12 deficiency?
beefy (inflammed, smooth) tongue
What are the investigations that are required to diagnose anaemia in order?
- history
-FBC (ferritin and RC folate/ vit B12)
-GI blood loss
found in FOB (faecal occult blood)
endoscopy (upper), colonoscopy (lower)
-renal function (erythropoetin levels)
-bone marrow exam (last restort)
How is anaemia treated?
o Replace haematinics
o Transfusions - production failure
o Erythropoeitin replacement via injection due to production failure
-Renal disease
What are the problems that anaemia may cause dentally?
oGeneral Anaesthesia - O2 capacity
oDeficiency States
- Fe usually
- mucosal atrophy (thinning)
- Candidiasis
- Recurrent Oral Ulceration
- Sensory changes
- inflammation of tongue
- smoothness of tongue
What is a possible cause of anemia in females?
menstrual blood loss
Where does GI bleeding occur in elderly people?
upper/ lower GI
Where does GI bleeding occur in young people?
upper GI
What does a less differentiated cancer mean?
more aggressive
When can a haematological cell line turn neoplastic?
numer of stages
the earlier, the more potentially aggressive the malignancy
What mutation happens to cause the malignancy?
DNA mutation (usually translocation)
Switches “off” a tumour suppressor gene or switches “on” an
oncogene
Clonal proliferation
