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Blood diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

How many people in UK die as a result of venous and arterial thrombosis yearly

A
  • 25000

- 200000

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2
Q

What are the major causes of thrombosis

A
  • atherosclerosis
  • cancer
  • immobilisation
  • surgery
  • hypercoagulability (inhibitor PC, PS, AT deficiencies)
  • thrombocythaemia
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3
Q

What are the 2 types of neoplasms

A
  • myeloid

- lymphoid

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4
Q

What are malignancy according to location

A
  • leukaemia

- lymphoma

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5
Q

What is neoplasia and what are its two main causes

A
  • uncontrolled cell growth
  • oncogenes: directly causative of cancer e.g growth factors & their receptors
  • tumour suppressor genes
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6
Q

Name some myeloproliferative disorders

A
  • myeloid neoplasia
  • polycythaemia
  • thrombocythaemia
  • myelofibrosis
  • chronic myeloid leukaemia
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7
Q

What are myeloid malignancies

A
  • heterogeneous disorders
  • uncontrolled pro filtration
  • blockage of differentiation of abnormal myeloid progenitor cells
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8
Q

What is anaemia

A

Dec. RBCs

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9
Q

What is leukopenia

A

Dec. WBCs

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10
Q

What is thrombocytopenia

A

Dec. Platelets

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11
Q

What is erythrocytosis

A

Inc. RBCs

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12
Q

What is leukocytosis

A

Inc. WBCs

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13
Q

What is thrombocytosis

A

Inc. platelets

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14
Q

What causes leukaemia

A
  • accumulation of WBCs in bone marrow & blood
  • bone marrow failure
  • dec. RBC & platelets
  • inc. WBCs —>blood hypersensitivity —> respiratory/neurological symptoms
  • in advanced cases: dec. WBC due to BM failure —> infection
  • bleeding
  • tiredness
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15
Q

What is lymphoma

A
  • T/B lymphocyte neoplasia
  • non-Hodgkin/Hodgkin
  • Hodgkin—> Reed-Sternberg cells
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16
Q

What are normal haemoglobin levels in men/women

A
  • men: <13.5 g/dL

- women: <11.2 g/dL

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17
Q

How common is anaemia

A

30% population

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18
Q

What are the symptoms of anaemia

A
  • tiredness
  • pallor
  • fainting
  • tachycardia
  • shortness of breadth
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19
Q

Hat abnormalities cause anaemia

Study These Flashcards
A
  • RBCs
  • Hb production
  • RBC destruction
20
Q

What does blood loss lead to

Study These Flashcards
A
  • normocytic anaemia

- no abnormalities in RBC

21
Q

What is decreased response to erythropoietin caused by

Study These Flashcards
A
  • iron-deficiency
  • vitamin B12 deficiency
  • folate deficiency
  • anaemia of chronic disease
22
Q

What growth factor act on stem cells to produce red cells

Study These Flashcards
A

Erythropoietin

23
Q

What growth factor act on stem cells to produce platelets

Study These Flashcards
A

Thrombopoietin

24
Q

What does Epo do

Study These Flashcards
A

Lead to the release of RBCs

25
Why can renal disease lead to anaemia
- no Epo | - uncontrolled RBCs production
26
What is the most common cause of anaemia
Iron deficiency
27
What is microcytic anaemia
Pale & small RBCs
28
Why does iron deficiency lead to microcytic anaemia
Reduced Hb production
29
What are the causes of iron deficiency
- diet induced - blood loss - infection - growth spurts - pregnancy
30
What is megaloblastic anaemia caused by
Vit B or folate deficiency
31
What is the pathophysiology of megaloblastic anaemia
- VitB12/folate we loved in DNA replication | - deficiency —> problems with mitosis
32
What is megaloblastic anaemia
Large RBCs
33
What causes Vit B12
- reduced absorption
34
What causes folate deficiency
- poor nutrition - alcoholism - certain drugs
35
What is haemolytic anaemia
- RBC destruction, reduced lifespan | - insufficient replacement by BM
36
What are the causes of haemolytic anaemia
- acquired (malaria, sepsis) | - inherited
37
What are the immune causes of acquired haemolytic anaemia
- haemolytic syndrome in newborn, Rh | - autoantibodies
38
What are the non-immune causes of acquire haemolytic anaemia
- drug-induced - snake venom - mechanical - infections
39
What are the three causes of inherited haemolytic anaemia
- RBC cytoskeletal defects - RBC enzyme defects - Haemoglobin defects
40
What causes cytoskeletal defects
- mutations in a/b spectrin —> hereditary spherocytosis
41
What causes RBC enzyme defects
- G6PD deficiency, involved in NADPH metabolism
42
What causes haemoglobin defects in inherited haemolytic anaemia
- sickle cell disease | - thalassaemia
43
What causes sickle cell disease
- mutation in Hb b globin - Blu 6 —> Val - polymerisation of Hb - distorting RBC
44
What are the effects of sickle cell
- suckling RBCs - blockage of microvasculature —> sickle cell crisis - heterozygousity —> protection against malaria
45
What is thalassemia
- defects in a/b chains of haemoglobin
46
What does thalassemia lead to
Ineffective erythropoiesis and hemolysis

IMS (18 decks)

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