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Cholesterol & lipoproteins Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

What are the functions of lipids

A
  • energy storage
  • cell memb. components
  • solubilise fat soluble vitamins
  • biosynthesis precursors
  • signalling molecules
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2
Q

Where is cholesterol obtained from

A
  • 25% diet

- synthesised in liver

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3
Q

How is cholesterol transplanted in blood

A
  • insoluble in blood plasma

- lipoprotein carriers

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4
Q
  • what are lipoproteins
A

Particles transporting lipids

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5
Q

What makes lipoproteins different

A

Protein:lipids

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6
Q

How are lipoproteins classified

A
  • density

- chemical

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7
Q

What are the different classes of lipoproteins and where are they made

A
  • chylomicrons (intestines)
  • VLDL (liver)
  • LDL (VLDL)
  • HDL (blood)
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8
Q

What is the function of chylomicrons

A
  • transport of dietary fats from intestines
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9
Q

What is the function of VLDL

A

Transport lipids to peripheral tissues

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10
Q

What is the function of LDL

A
  • main carrier of chol.

- provides cholesterol to peripheral tissues

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11
Q

What is the function of HDL

A
  • transport cholesterol to liver from peripheral tissues
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12
Q

What is the structure of lipoproteins

A
  • monolayer—> phospholipids, cholesterol and apolipoproteins
  • core—> cholesterol esters, triglycerides
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13
Q

What are apolipoproteins

A
  • protein strands

- surface of lipoproteins

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14
Q

What is the function of apolipoproteins

A
  • determine start + end points for cholesterol transport
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15
Q

What makes lipoproteins

A

Lipid + apolipoproteins

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16
Q

What are the 4 major classes of apolipoproteins

A
  • ApoA
  • ApoB
  • ApoC
  • ApoE
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17
Q

Where is ApoA found and what is its function

A
  • HDL
  • mediates efflux of cholesterol from peripheral cells
  • influx in liver
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18
Q

Where Ishtar function of ApoB

A
  • recognises ApoB/E receptors

- facilitates LDL uptake

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19
Q

What is the function of ApoC

A
  • activator of lipoprotein lipase
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20
Q

What is the function of ApoE

A
  • stabilise VLDL

- ligand for ApoB receptor

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21
Q

What is the synthesis of apolipoproteins in the small intestines regulated by

A
  • dietary fat intake
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22
Q

What is the apolipoproteins liver synthesis controlled by

A
  • drugs

- hormones

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23
Q

Give 2 examples of apolipoproteins function

A
  • regulate key enzymes in lipoproteins metabolism

- ligand for interaction with lipoprotein receptors

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24
Q

Give examples of apolipoproteins regulating key enzymes

Study These Flashcards
A
  • ApoC-ii —> lipoprotein lipase

- ApoA-i lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase

25
Give examples of ligand interacting with lipoprotein receptors
- apoB100 & ApoE in LDL receptors | - ApoA-i for HDL receptors
26
what is the structure of LDL
- phospholipids & free colesterol on SM - hydrophobic core --> triglyceride & cholestryl esters - ApoB
27
what is the structure of HDL
- SM (same as LDL) - core (same as LDL) - Apo A-I - Apo A-ii
28
what is the function of ApoA-i and Apo-Aii in HDL
- protect against oxidation | - anti-inflammatory
29
where are chylomicrons made & what do they do
- intestine | - transport triglycerides & cholesterol in blood
30
what are triclycerides hydrolysed by and what are they used for
- lipoprotein lipase --> fatty acids | - energy source/store
31
what happens to chylomicrons after hydrolysis of triglycerides
- shrink | - back to liver
32
where are VLDL made? what do they do? why does lipoprotein lipase act on them
- liver - transport lipids to tissue - release fatty acids for tissues
33
what happens to LDL from VLDL
- taken up by target cells - by LDL receptors - digested in lyssome - release cholesterol
34
what is the function of HDL? where are they synthesised?
- remoce cholesterol | - blood
35
what are lipoprotein receptors
membrane-bound receptors
36
what is the function of lipoprotein receptors
- enable enterance of cholesterol to cells
37
what does LDL receptor bind to
- apoB-100 | - apoE
38
what is LDL receptor gene expression regulated by
- intracellular cholesterol concentration
39
what do high levels of intracellular cholesterol result into
- supress LDL receptor synthesis - chol not taken up by cells, remain in blood - deleterious onsequences
40
how does HDL protect aganst arthesclorisis
- scavenges cholesterol back to liver, excerted by bile | - reverse Cholesterol Transport
41
what is dyslipidaemias
- familial hypercholesterolaemia - mutation in LDL receptor - cells can't take up LDL
42
what does dyslipidaemias result in
- blood LDL increases - excess cholesterol in arteries - higher risk of atherosclerosis
43
what is cholesterol essential component of
- cell membranes - bile acids - steroid hormones - fat-soluble vitamins
44
what do high serum levels indicate
- risk of cardiovascular disease
45
what are the cardiac clincal manifestations of artherosclerosis
- chest pain - palpitations - heart attck
46
what are the cerebral clinical implications of atheroscllerosis
- stroke | - cerebral haemorrhage
47
what are the peripheral clinical implications of athersclerosis
- pain - ischaemia - ulceration - gangrene
48
what are the stages of development of athresclerosis plaque
- fatty streak - fibrous plaque - advanced plaque
49
what is the cholesterol-synthetic pathway
- HMG-CoA --> Mevalonate --> IPP --> FPP --> squelene --> cholesterol
50
what is the enzyme converting HMG-CoA to mevalonate
HMG-CoA
51
how do statins reduce the risk of hypercholestrolaemia
- prevent cholesterol synthesis in liver | - act as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors --> no mevalonate
52
what are pleitropic effects
- unanticipated | - undesirable
53
what are FPP & GGPP
isoprenoids
54
how are Ras & Rho prenylated
- Ras: Farnesylated (FPP) | - Rho: Geranylgeranylated (GGPP)
55
what are statins' pleitropic effects
- improve endothelial dysfunction - antioxidant - inhibit iflammatory response - stabilise artherosclerotic plaques
56
what are PCSK9 expressed by
- liver | - intestine
57
what is the role of PCSK9
- lipid metabolism - promote intracellular degenaration of LDL-R - prevents recycling of LDL-R to cell surface - reduces LDL-R population
58
what does PCSK9 inhibition do
increase LDL uptake

IMS (18 decks)

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