blood flow and pressure

Question 1

arterial system

Answer 1

Delivers high blood pressure, oxygenated blood to periphery
Layers of connected and smooth tissue
No gas exchange because of thickness
Elastic contents

Question 2

Venous system

Answer 2

Capillaries feed deoxygenated blood into the venous system
Eventually blood from the upper and lower portions of the body empty into the superior and inferior vena cava
Low pressures

Question 3

define Blood pressure

Answer 3

Forced of the blood during ejection from the left ventricle
Propagates a wave of pressure through the arterial system

Question 4

define MAO

Answer 4

The average arterial pressure during a single cardiac cycle

Question 5

MAP formula

Answer 5

MAP = DBP + [0.33*(SBP - DBP)]

Question 6

define TPR

Answer 6

Total resistance to blood flow by the entirety of the systems vasculature

Question 7

calculate TPR

Answer 7

MAP= Qx TPR

Question 8

what happens to systolic blood pressure at steady state

Answer 8

Increase before plateauing
Primarily due to the increase Q required to support exercising muscles

Question 9

what happens to diastolic blood pressure at steady state

Answer 9

Stays the about the same & can even slightly decrease in healthy or trained individual
Due to vasodilation to working muscles (decreased resistance)

Question 10

MAP during exercise

Answer 10

Increase slightly
b/c increase in Q being offset by peripheral vasodilation

Question 11

Describe pressure and resistance

Answer 11

Vessel radius is the critical determinate and this can be greatly influenced by vasodilation or constriction

Question 12

Describe the controllers of blood flow

Answer 12

Blood pressure regulation = vasoconstriction
Oxygen delivery = vasodilation

Question 13

how does vasoconstriction work

Answer 13

-whole body sympathetic nerve activity increases
- release ATP, norepinephrine,

Question 14

Sympatholysis

Answer 14

Function reduction of sympathetic vasoconstriction in contracting skeletal muscles
Sympathetic cholinergic nerve fibers release acetylcholine that dilates vessels
Decrease in local tissue PO2 and increase in CO2 and Nitric Oxide released from arteriole membrane dilate vessels

Question 15

Describe how blood flow is controlled during exercise

Answer 15

Vasoconstriction of arterioles (increases blood pressure)
Sympathetic cholinergic
Decreases in local tissue

Question 16

Sub maximal training adaptions

Answer 16

HR increase and SV
Redistribution of blood to working muscles
Vasoconstriction in non working
Increase in systolic BP followed by a plateau
Diastolic BP remain constant
Increase preload
CAO2 constant
CvO2 decrease then stabilize
% SaO2 constant
A-Vo22 difference will increase then stabilize

Question 17

maximal training adaptions

Answer 17

Increase systolic BP , blood flow, preload, HR, Q
TPR is at its lowest in skeletal muscles
a-VO2 difference will continue to increase until max
CaO2 should remain constant
CvO2 will decrease

Question 18

Describe the chronic adaptations of the cardiovascular system to exercise and exercise training

Answer 18

Heart size
1. Larger internal cavity eccentric- increase EDV
2.Greater wall thickness (concentric)- increase contractility
The degree of change depends on the precise overload the myocardium undergoes
Endurance athletes undergo more eccentric cardiac hypertrophy- sarcomeres laid down in series

Question 19

What happens to total peripheral resistance during exercise?

Answer 19

decreases

Question 20

How would describe what happens between vasodilation and vasoconstriction during exercise?

Answer 20

Increases heart mass and volume, cavity size, wall thickness

Question 21

What substance is crucial for vasodilation?

Answer 21

Acetylcholine

Question 22

What happens to the heart (specifically) after exercise training?

Answer 22

Increase in size