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Cell and Tissue Structure > Blood Fluid 1 > Flashcards

Blood Fluid 1 Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

How much of the total body weight does blood represent?

A

8% of total body weight

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2
Q

What is the average litres of blood in men and women?

A

5 Litres of blood in women and 5.5 in men

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3
Q

How many specialised cellular elements are suspended in the plasma? and what are they?

A

3: erthrocytes, leukocytes and platelets

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4
Q

What is the plasma?

A

liquid composition of the blood

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5
Q

What are albumins?

A

They are the most abundant plasma proteins

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6
Q

What are globulins and their 3 subclasses?

A

3 Subclasses:
1. alpha which transports molecules such as alpha1 antitrypsin
2. beta which inactivate precursor proteins such as proteases
3. gamma which are immunoglobulins - antibodies

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7
Q

Function of fibronigen?

A

Inactive precursor for the fibrin meshwork of a clot

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8
Q

What % do plasma proteins make up of plasma’s total weight?

A

6-8% of plasma’s total weight

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9
Q

What are the 3 groups of plasma proteins?

A

Albumins, Globulins and fibrinogen

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10
Q

What is fibrinogen important function for?

A

It is critical in process of blood clotting

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11
Q

What is the plasma oncotic pressure - colloid osmotic pressure about plasma proteins?

A

Proteins are the only solutes which do not pass freely between plasma and interstitial fluid
Thus it is only proteins which exert a significant osmotic
effect across capillary walls – important in distribution of
ECF between vascular and interstitial compartments so
important in the maintenance of circulatory volume

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12
Q

What is the function of water in the plasma and how much % does it make up of plasma?

A

Transport medium and carries heat
Makes up 90% of plasma

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13
Q

What is the function of electrolytes in the plasma?

A

Membrane excitability, osmotic distribution of fluid between ECF and ICF, buffer pH changes

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14
Q

What is the function of nutrients, wastes, gases and hormones in the plasma?

A

Transported in the blood blood gas carbon dioxide plays a role in acid-base balance

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15
Q

Leukocytes are split into what 2 classes?

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

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16
Q

Physical description of neutrophil?

A

Nucleus multiobed, inconspicuous, cytoplasmic granules, diameter: 10-12 micrometers

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17
Q

What is the difference between the 2 classes of leukocytes?

A

granulocytes have granules and agranulocytes do not

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18
Q

Which is the most common blood cell type?

A

Neutrophil is most common with 3000-6000 cells per mm^3 of blood

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19
Q

Lifespan of neutrophil?

A

6 hours to a few days

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20
Q

How long does a neutrophil take to develop?

A

6-9 days

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21
Q

Function of neutrophil?

A

Phagocytize bacteria

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22
Q

How would you identify a lymphocyte?

A

Nucleus is spherical or indented, pale blue cytoplasm and quite large, diameter 5-17 micrometers

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23
Q

Which is more common in the blood: lymphocytes or monocytes?

A

Lymphocyte is more prevalent then the monocytes in the blood
1500-3000 cells per microlitre of blood vs 100-700 cells per microlitre

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24
Q

Lifespan of lympocyte?

A

hours to year

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25
Duration to make lymphocyte?
Days to weeks
26
What is the function of red blood cells?
Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
27
What do red blood cells not have?
No nucleus, No organelles and no ribosomes
28
What is the most common blood cell?
Red blood cells
29
What is the physical description of eosinophil?
Nucleus is bilobed, red cytoplasmic granules, diamater is 10-14 micrometers
30
What is haemopoiesis?
Production of blood cells and blood lineages
31
What does an undifferentiated pluripotent stem cell go to? where does this take place?
non differentiated stem cell goes to myeloid stem cell or a lymphoid stem cell - takes place in bone marrow
32
What does the myeloid stem cell then become?
Myeloid stem cell is crucial for making granulocytes, erythrocytes, monocytes and platelets
33
What are the 2 types of lymphocytes?
T and B lymphocytes
34
Why are red blood cells thin? What does this allow?
Thin structure allows rapid diffusion of oxygen between exterior and interior and cells and since no organelles they are very flexible to travel in and out of cells
35
How are the human blood groups classified?
Blood is classified according to what glycoproteins in their membranes are present on a person's red blood cells.
36
What is an antigen?
Antigen term comes from term to make antibodies
37
What do Type A RBCs have?
They have A on RBCs and not B
38
Human blood groups - 3 important antigens on RBCs?
A, B and Rh: rhesus
39
What are the principles of blood matching?
1. The immune system of the recipient will attack and destroy RBCs with "foreign" antigens. 2. The immune system will not notice and will not be bothered by the absence of an antigen. 3. The immune system will not attack "self" antigens.
40
What happens if you have blood group AB?
Can receive blood from anyone - RBCs have both A and B antigens
41
What are you known as if you have blood group AB?
Universal blood group
42
What happens if you have blood group O?
No antigens on blood cell, neither A nor B, so universal donor Think zero/null
43
What is the most common blood group and what is the % across people in the US?
O: 45% from in white individuals 49% black individuals 40% asian individuals 79% native Americans in the
44
What are the next most common blood groups after O?
A then next common, then B then AB
45
What test is used to test blood group type?
Agglutination used to test blood group type
46
What does Rh negative mean?
Rh negative when they do not make antibodies to Rh factor until exposed to it
47
What happens if you have
Rh negative will have a bad reaction to Rh positive after second exposure
48
Erythroblastosis fetalis
49
very avoidable disorder by when 1st baby is born, mother is given Rho(D) immune globulin: RhoGAM it has antigens that take ip any from 1st baby. it takes away Rh positive from mother after the baby
50
Haemoglobin structure
Hb is a red pigmented protein which is very important for carrying oxygen
51
4 Fe ions and these can all bind an oxygen molecule can carry 1 billion
52
When does oxygen bind to Hb?
When RBCs in lungs
53
When does oxygen leave Hb?
When RBCs in tissues
54
What
Buffers pH in blood
55
What else can bind to Hb and what happens if it does?
Nitric oxide can bind Hb and if it does it can cause dilation of arteries.
56
what are key erthcoyte enzymes?
57
What are reticulocytes and how much of total composition of RBCs do they make up?
Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells - 1% of total RBC
58
Haemocytoblast (stem cell) ->
59
Lifespan for erythrocytes?
live for 100-120 days
60
Where are erythrocytes made?
Red bone marrow
61
How are erythrocytes removed in the body?
old ones removed by macrophages in spleen and liver
62
EPO is released from the kidney and kidney is important for reduced oxygen capacity of blood and when there is less oxygen secreted into kidneys they release this hormone
63
What happens to EPO at high altitude?
high altitude you have increased EPO production - athletes "high altitude training" as can take more oxygen
64
Anaemia - reduced Hb in RBCs due to iron defiency
65
Types of anaemia?
Nutritional, pernicious, aplastic, renal, hemorrhagic and hemolytic
66
What is pernicious anaemia?
Pernicious anaemia is when you cannot absorb vitamin B12 IN GIT - deficient intrinsic factor
67
What is aplastic anaemia?
Bone marrow cannot make enough RBCs due to cancer chemo/radiotherapy for example
68
What do red blood cells look like in sickle cell anaemia?
crescent / sickle shaped
69
what are the 2 types of polcythemia?
primary and secondary
70
Hemostasis, what is it and how many steps?
3 steps
71
vascular spasm which reduces blood flow through a damaged vessel
72
platelets important here
73
Blood coagulation is clotting which is the transformation of liquid into solid
74
Platelets
Smallest element in the blood, no nucleus, fragments of megakaryocytes and they make most mass of blood clots, they release serotonin
75
clotting factors are always present in blood plasma in inactive precursor form
76
they inhibit platelet aggregation so it is confined to the area it is needed
77
How may plasma clotting factors are they?
12 plasma clotting factors which are important
78
How many pathways are there in the clotting cascade and what are they
2 pathways: intrinsic - internal vessels, extrinisic - external vessels
79
Main difference between 2 pathways
intrinsic is more complex there are 7 steps whereas extrinsic only has 4
80
intrinsic
factor 12 activates factor 11 activates factor 9 which activates factor 10
81
What do both pathways do in the end?
they both at the end make factor 10 active
82
What is the role of thrombin in homeostais?
Component in clotting cascade: multiple roles in homeostasis Stimulates
83
Abnormal blood clotting?
Thrombus: abnormal intravascular clot attached to a vessel wall Emboli: freely floating clots
84
Factors that can cause thromboembolism?
85
Hemophilia generally affects men
86
What are erythrocytes in 2 ways:
Red blood cells and important in oxygen transport
87
What are leukocytes in 2 ways?
White blood cells and the immune system's mobile defense units
88
What are platelets in 2 ways?
Cell fragments and important in homeostais
89
How much % does plasma make up of the blood?
55%
90
What % are red blood cells of blood - erthrocytes?
45%
91
What % are platelets and leukocytes - white blood cells of whole blood?
<1% of whole blood
92
What is the function of plasma proteins?
In general, they exert an osmotic effect important in distribution of ECF between vascular and interstitial compartments; buffer pH changes
93
What is the function of albumins?
Transport many substances and contribute mos to colloid osmotic pressure
94
What is the function of alpha and beta globulins?
They trasnport many water-insoluble substances, clotting factors, inactive precursor molecules
95
Function of gamma globulins:
Antibodes
96
Physical description of leukocytes - white blood cells?
Spherical nucleated cells
97
What does lymphoid stem cell become?
Becomes lymphocytes in Lymphoid tissues and then becomes lymphocytes in circulation: T and B lymphocytes
98
What else can these glycoproteins that RBCs have in their membranes for blood groups be called?
These glycoproteins are also called antigens as they can cause the immune system to make antibodies. These glycoproteins are also called agglutinogens because they can cause agglutination, or clumping of cells
99
How does the anatomy of RBCs as biconcave discs help their function?
Biconcave disks allows for efficient diffusion as there is a large surface area for diffusion of oxygen across the membrane. This very flexible shape allows RBCs to travel through narrow capillaries without rupturing in the process
100
What does Type B blood group mean?
Type B means RBCs have B and not A
101
What happens if wrong blood groups is given?
RBCs will usually rupture and hemoglobin precipitates in kidney which interferes with kidney function Clumping also blocks blood flow in capillaries and oxygen and nutrient flow to cells and tissues is reduced

Cell and Tissue Structure (8 decks)

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