Epthelial tissue L1 Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
What are the types of structural levels?
A
Molecular, Subcellular Body, Cellular, Tissue
2
Q
What is tissue?
A
Tissue is a collection of specialised cells
3
Q
What are systems?
A
Systems are the interaction of organs
4
Q
What is an organ?
A
It is made up of a variety of tissues
5
Q
What is cellular organisation of the body?
A
It defines the basic structural and functional units
6
Q
What are 8 cellular levels?
A
Epithelium, Endothelium, Mesothelium, Mesenchyme, Blood cells, Neurons, Germ cells, Stem cells
7
Q
What is epithelium?
A
Lining glands, bowel, skin and organs
8
Q
What is endothelium?
A
Lining blood and lymphatic vessels
9
Q
What is mesothelium?
A
Lining of pleural, and pericardial spaces
10
Q
What is the mesenchyme?
A
Cells filling spaces between organs, including fat, muscle, bone, cartilage and tendon cells
11
Q
What are blood cells?
A
There are red and white blood cells, there are also those in lymph nodes and spleen
12
Q
What are neurons?
A
They are the conducting cells of nervous system
13
Q
What are germ cells?
A
Reproductive cells, sperm, oocytes
14
Q
What are stem cells?
A
Cells that are able to turn into one or several of the other ones
15
Q
What are the 4 tissue types?
A
Epithelial tissue, Muscle tissue, Nerve tissue, Connective tissue
16
Q
What is epithelial tissue?
A
Lining/barrier of secretory cells, skin and mucous membranes
17
Q
What is muscle (excitable) tissue?
A
Skeletal (striated), smooth, cardiac muscle
18
Q
What is nervous (excitable) tissue?
A
Brain and spinal cord
19
Q
What is connective tissue?
A
Loose connective tissue, dense fibrous tissue (capsule, ligament, tendon), cartilage and bone and blood
20
Q
What organs make up the muscular system?
A
Skeletal muscles, tendons
21
Q
What organs make up the nervous system?
A
Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves
22
Q
What organs make up the CVS system?
A
Heart, blood vessels, lympatics
23
Q
What organs make up skin?
A
integmentary organs
24
Q
What organs make up the immune system?
A
lymphocyte, lymph node, tonsil, spleen
25
What organs make up the respiratory system?
Nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
26
What organs make up the skeletal system?
Bones, cartilage, ligaments
27
What organs make up the G.I.T system?
Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, intestine
28
What organs make up the special senses system?
taste, smell, sight, hearing
29
What organs make up the reproductive system?
Ovary, uterus, testes, epididymus
30
What organs make up the urinary system?
kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra
31
What organs make up the endocrine system?
Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenals
32
What organs make up the exocrine system?
tubular, acinar, branched, coiled glands
33
What effect does the disease atrophy have on a cell and why?
Atrophy causes a decrease in cell size. Muscle atrophy is due to being bed ridden
34
What effect does the disease hypertrophy have on a cell and why?
Causes an increase in size. Muscle hypertrophy is due to exercise
35
What effect does the disease hyperplasia have on a cell and why?
Increase in cell number. Endometrial hyperplasia due to prolonged oestrogen exposure
36
What effect does the disease metaplasia have on a cell and why?
Where one cell is replaced by another one. Squamous metaplasia where ciliated respiratory epithelial replaced by squamous (no cilia)
37
What effect does the disease neoplasia (cancer) have on a cell and why?
Neoplasia is the abnormal growth of cell due to gene mutation by an oncogene (chemical, radiation, viruses) can be either benign or malignant
38
What effect does the disease necrosis have on a cell and why?
Causes cell death due to injury or disease where lysosomal enzymes digest the cell (autolysis) and inflammation is triggered
39
What effect does the disease apoptosis have on a cell and why?
Causes programmed death in a cell. The cells shrink, chromatin fragments, apoptotic bodies form and phagocytosed by macrophages
40
What is a primary tumour?
It is the original tumour
41
What are affected cells called?
A neoplasm - tumour
42
What is a secondary tumour?
It is at sites distant and different from the primary tumour
43
What types of tissue are in epithelia tissue?
Epithelia and glandular epitehlia
44
What is the malignant form of epithelia ?
Carcinoma
45
What is the benign form of epithelia?
Papilloma
46
What is the malignant form of glandular epithelia?
Adeno carcinoma
47
What is the benign form of glandular epithelia?
Adenoma
48
Where are tumours in connective tissues?
Fibroblast, adipose tissue, blood, cartilage, bone and lymphoid tissue
49
What is the benign form of fibroblast?
Fibroma
50
What is the malignant form of fibroblast?
Fibro sarcoma
51
What is the benign form of adipose tissue?
Lipoma
52
What is the malignant form of adipose tissue?
Lipo sarcoma
53
What is the malignant tumour of blood?
Leukemia
54
What is the malignant form of lymphoid tissue?
Lymphoma
55
What is the benign form of Cartilage?
Chondroma
56
What is the malignant form of cartilage?
chondro sarcoma
57
What is the benign form of bone?
osteoma
58
What is the malignant form of bone?
osteo sarcoma
59
What is the benign form of skeletal tissue?
Rhabdomyoma
60
What is the malignant form of skeletal tissue?
Rhabdomyo sarcoma
61
What is the malignant form of cardiac tissue?
Cardiac sarcoma
62
What is the benign form of smooth tissue?
Leiomyoma
63
What is the malignant form of smooth tissue?
Leiomyo sarcoma
64
What types are in neural tissues?
Glia and neurons
65
What is the malignant form of glia?
Glioma
66
What is the malignant form of neurons?
Neuroblastoma
67
What are epithelia?
They are cells close together, there is minimal matrix between them. There are cell junctions. There is an absence of blood vessels and they are innervated by nerves
68
Where are they particularly innervated by nerves?
Particularly at base
69
What do cell junctions do in epithelia?
They regulate passage of materials between cells and also provide physical strength
70
How do they get nutrition if they don't have blood vessels?
Via underlying tissue
71
What do lining epithelia cells do?
They regulate the passage of material in/out of the body. In the gut it is nutrients, the lungs is gases, the kidneys is water and ions and the skin is water
72
What do the secretory cells do?
They secrete body fluids in the glands and ducts
73
How are epithelial cells classified? THE 3
Into glandular, surface and special
74
What are glandular epithelial cells split into?
Exocrine and endocrine
75
What are special cells split into?
Sensory perception and reproduction
76
What are surface cells classified into?
Simple and Stratified
77
What are the 3 types of simple epithelial cells?
Squamous, columnar and cuboidal
78
What are the 3 types of stratified epithelial cells?
Squamous, cuboidal and columnar
79
What is exocrine for?
For secretion to regulate ion concentrations
80
How are exocrine glands classified by?
Morphology - by the size, shape and structure
81
What are the simple types of exocrine glands and give examples?
Tubular e.g. large intestine, acinar e.g. urethra, branched tubular e.g. stomach, branched acinar e.g. mammary gland, coiled tubular e.g. sweat glands
82
What are the compound types?
Tubular and acinar
83
What do exocrine glands do?
They discharge products via ducts that can either be simple or compound
84
What do endocrine glands do?
They secrete hormones into bloodstream
85
What are the 3 types of secretion that exocrine glands are split into?
Merocrine (eccrine), apocrine and holocrine
86
How does merocrine (eccrine) secrete?
By exocytosis
87
What is the most common type of secretion?
Merocrine (eccrine) secretion
88
How does apocrine secrete and give 2 examples?
By membrane bound vesicles for example in breasts and sweat glands
89
How does holocrine secrete and give 1 example?
By the rupture of secretory cells for example sebaceous cells
90
What is the function of surface epithelium? hint should be 8
----covers exposed surfaces
----lines internal passageways and chambers
─ highly cellular
─ avascular
─ capacity to regenerate
─ provide physical protection
─ control permeability
─ provide sensation
91
What is a simple cell layer?
One layer, permeable
92
What is a stratified cell layer?
Many layers, protective
93
What does a squamous cell look like?
Thin, flat, irregular
94
What does a cuboidal cell look like?
Single layer of box shaped like cells. Located in ducts and glands
95
What does a columnar cell look like?
Tall, slender, rectangular
96
Is there any type of specialisation amongst surface epithelium cells?
Keratin, microvilli and cilia
97
What are the 8 types of surface epithelium?
3 simple - squamous, cuboidal and columnar
3 Stratified - squamous (+/- keratin), cuboidal and columnar
2 special types - pseudostratified columnar and transitional epithelium
98
What feature do simple squamous place a role in and give an example?
Diffusion in blood vessels
99
What feature do simple cuboidal place a role in and give an example?
Synthesis and liberation of hormones for example in the thyroid gland
100
What feature do simple columnar place a role in and give an example?
Digestion via enzymes, absorption via microvilli and lubrication via mucous cells for example in the small intestine
101
What feature do stratified squamous (+/- keratin) place a role in and give an example?
Protection, moist surface resists dehydration and thermoregulation and sensation for example in skin
102
What feature do stratified cuboidal place a role in and give an example?
Saliva for example in the salivary gland
103
What feature do stratified columnar place a role in and give an example?
Saliva for example in the saliva duct
104
What feature do pseudostratified columnar place a role in and give an example?
They secret mucus via goblet cells, they trap paricles scuh as mucus they move mucus via cilia and they clean, warm and moisten for example the air. Airways for example trachea
105
What feature do transitional epithelium place a role in and give an example?
Distention for example in the bladder. They increase the volume to allow passage of urine
106
What are the characteristics of Pseudostratified columnar ciliated cells?
One layer of cells where only the tall ones reach the surface
107
What are the characteristics of transitional epithelium cells?
They have many layers that re all irregularly rounded. Ureter and bladder only
108
What is the basement membrane?
It is a thin, fibrous, non-cellular tissue. It separates epithelium , mesothelium and endothelium from underlying connective tissue. It is a matrix that anchors epithelial cells to underlying tissue
109
What is the function of keratin?
Protective function
110
What is the function of cilia?
To increase the surface area and for particle movement
111
What is the function of microvilli?
To increase the surface area and for particle movement
112
What is the function of tight intercellular junctions?
Cell-cell contacts - basically impermeable to fluid
113
What is the function of adherent intercellular junctions?
Cell-cell contacts
114
What is the function of gap intercellular junctions?
Permits passage of ions and molecules between cells
115
What is the function of desmosome intercellular junctions?
Cell-cell contacts
116
What is the function of basement membrane?
Anchors epithelial cells to underlying tissue
117
Where would cilia be found?
In the lining of bronchus
118
Where would microvilli be found?
In the lining of the small intestine
119
How does proliferation occur in epithelia?
Via mitosis
120
What are the 4 steps of proliferation in epithelia?
1. Microtubules form
2. Chromosomes duplicate and align at equator - metaphase
3. Chromosomes pull apart
4. Cell divides
121
Where is mitoses found?
In lower part of intestinal crypts
122
What prevents the formation of microtubules?
VCR - Vincristine
123
How can VCR be used to help remove tissues?
Be injected 3 hours before removal of tissues for metaphase arrest
