Blood (Fluid aspect)

Question 1

What can blood transport

Answer 1

Nutients, Respiratory gasses, wastes, hormones

Question 2

Blood composition

Answer 2

Plasma 55%
Buffy layer (WBC, platelets)
RBC 45%

Question 3

What is Normovolemia

Answer 3

Normal blood volume

Question 4

What is Hypovolemia

Answer 4

Lower blood volume

Question 5

What is hypervolemia

Answer 5

Higher blood volume

Question 6

What is Hematocrit (Ht)

Answer 6

Percentage of blood volume occupied by RBC : Ht = (height of RBC/height of whole blood) x 100

Normally 45%

Question 7

Blood volume % of body weight

Answer 7

Normally blood = 7% = around 5L
Hematocrit =45% so RBC occupy 2,25L
Plasma = 2,75L

Question 8

Composition of plasma

Answer 8

7% proteins (Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogen)
90% water
Ions: mostly Na+ Cl- (similar to physiological saline, 0,9% NaCl)
Nutrients, Respiratory gasses, waste

Question 9

Origin of plasma proteins

Answer 9

Liver: albumin, fibrinogen, alpha1, alpha2, Beta Globulins

Lymphoid tissue: Gamma (y) Globulin

Question 10

Effect of renal disease on electrophoretic pattern of plasma proteins

Answer 10

Disease causes loss of proteins through urine.
Therefore, Albumin concentration is decreased.

Question 11

What is electrophoresis with plasma

Answer 11

A drop of plasma is dropped on a side of a gel. Electrical current is put on other end. Proteins migrate towards current at a rate affecte by molelcular weight and the charge of the proteins

Question 12

Characteristics of plasma proteins 7g%

Answer 12

Albumin: oval shape, MW of 69 kDa, concentration 4g% (smallest but higher number of particles)

Globulins: varied shape, MW 90-800 kDa, concentration 2,7g%

Fibrinogen: long shape, MW 350kDa concentration 0,3 g%

Question 13

Which has more protein: ISF or Plasma

Answer 13

Plasma

Question 14

ECF Osmolarity

Answer 14

1M solution of NaCl
58.5 g NaCl/L
0.9 g% NaCl = 9 g/L NaCl
9/58.5 = 0.15 M

NaCl = 2 ions Na+ Cl- so osmolarity is 2x molarity

0.3 Osm = 300 mOsm

Question 15

Can plasma proteins cross the capillary wall?

Answer 15

No, they are too big

Question 16

What type of solute contributes to Effective Osmotic Pressure

Answer 16

Non-diffusible solutes

Diffusible solute do not contribute because they become equally distributed on 2 sides of membrane

Question 17

What is COP of plasma

Answer 17

Colloidal Osmotic Pressure
Pressure exerted by plasma proteins against capillary wall (25mmHg)
(inside plasma)

Question 18

If COP increases

Answer 18

water flows into plasma

Question 19

If COP decreases

Answer 19

water flows into ISF

Question 20

2 Types of fluid transport across capillary wall

Answer 20

Filtration

Osmotic Flow

Question 21

What is bulk flow

Answer 21

flow of molecules subject to pressure difference

Question 22

What happens in filtration

Answer 22

Fluid in blood vessel is under pressure, fluid is pushed out of capillary into ISF

Question 23

What is Osmotic Flow

Answer 23

Plasma proteins pull fluid inside capillaries

Question 24

Starling forces

Answer 24

Combination of Filtration + Osmotic Flow

Question 25

Difference between diffusion and Starling Forces

Answer 25

Diffusion is exchange of nutrients, gasses, wastes across capillary wall Sterling Forces distribute ECF volume between Plasma and ISF

Question 26

How exchange happens across capillaries

Answer 26

Blood pressure is higher coming from arteries, which causes a net filtration (push out) at capillary level pressure lowers until net pressure = 25mmHg (COP) Blood pressure on veins increases until net absorptions is high (pull in) Constant exchange across length of capillary bed

Question 27

Lymphatic drainage

Answer 27

Excess fluid sent to lymphatic vessels is returned to the blood.

Question 28

What happens to fluid filtered out of capillaries

Answer 28

90% is recycled back 10% of fluid is drained by lymphatic vessels

Question 29

True or False, Wall of lymphatic vessels are highly permeable to all ISF constituents

Answer 29

True including proteins that leaked from plasma into ISF

Question 30

Which proteins contribute most to COP

Answer 30

proteins in higher concentration in plasma inversely related to MW of protein

Question 31

Is Albumin's contribution to COP high?

Answer 31

Yes, it is present in plasma in higher concentration 4g%, so it exerts more pressure: 20 mmHg

Question 32

4 factors affecting transcapillary Dynamics

Answer 32

Hydrostatic pressure COP Capillary permeability Lymphatic Drainage

Question 33

What is Edema

Answer 33

Accumulation of excess fluid in the interstitial spaces

Question 34

Causes of Edema

Answer 34

Increased Hydrostatic Pressure Decreased Plasma Protein concentration (COP) Increased Capillary Permeability Obstruction of Lymphatic Drainage

Question 35

Consequences of increased Hydrostatic Pressure

Answer 35

blood pressure: more fluid leaves at arterial end but net absorption at veinous end = 0 mmHg)

Question 36

Consequences of Decreased COP

Answer 36

less protein = less pressure, so at arterial end more fluid can leave (pressure out is higher), and at veinous end less fluid comes in (not enough pressure to pull in)

Question 37

Consequences of Increased Capillary Permeability

Answer 37

plasma proteins escape, and do oncotic pressure from ISF arterial end: more fluid leaves veinous end: not enough fluid enters

Question 38

Consequences of reduced lymphatic drainage

Answer 38

Damage to lymphatic system = excess fluid is not drained and accumulates in interstitial space

Question 39

Extreme edema from obstructed lymphatic drainage

Answer 39

Elephantiasis lymphatic drainage is blocked by parasite infestation

Question 40

Roles of Plasma Proteins

Answer 40

Distribute fluid between plasma and ISF (by Starling Forces) contribute to viscosity of plasma contribute to buffering power of plasma (normal pH of 7,4)

Question 41

Specific role of Fibrinogen

Answer 41

Essential to clotting

Question 42

Specific role of Y-globulins

Answer 42

Immunoglobulins: provide specific resistance to infection

Question 43

Albumin and some globulins

Answer 43

Carriers for lipids, minerals, hormones

Question 44

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