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PHGY 209 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

(96 cards)

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1
Q

Difference between Non-Specific/Innate immunity and Specific/Adaptive Immunity

A

Innate: First-line of defense
Not need to Recognize pathogen, same response for each pathogen

Adaptive: must recognize pathogen
faster response in second exposure to pathogen

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2
Q

What are main components of immune system

A

Lymphoid Organs:
primary
secondary

Immune cells: Leukocytes

Secretion of Immune Cells

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3
Q

Primary Lymphoid Organs

A

Site for stem cells division and immune cells development

Bone Marrow

Thymus

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4
Q

Role of Bone marrow in immunology

A

Production of B-cells and immature T-cells

Maturation site of B-cells

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5
Q

What is role of Thymus

A

Contains T cells, scattered dendritic cells, epithelial cells, macrophages

Maturation site of T-cells

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6
Q

What happens to Thymus as time goes by

A

It shrinks

Leads to weaker immune response

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7
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs

A

Lymph nodes
Spleen
Lymphoid Nodules

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8
Q

What does spleen do in immunology

A

Removes microbes and old erythrocytes

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9
Q

In what do immune cells travel

A

Blood and lymph

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10
Q

What is role of lymph nodes

A

filter bacteria
site for phagocytosis of microbes

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11
Q

Functions of neutrophils

A

Phagocytosis
Release chemicals involved in inflammation (vasodilators, chemotaxins)

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12
Q

Functions of basophils

A

Release variety of chemicals, histamine, prostaglandins

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13
Q

Functions of Eosinophils

A

Destroy multicellular parasites
help hypersensitivity reaction

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14
Q

functions of Monocytes

A

Transform into Macrophages and Dendritic cells to do Phagocytosis

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15
Q

Lymphocytes functions

A

Recognition cells in specific immune responses

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16
Q

B cells functions

A

antibody-mediated immune response, bind to specific antigens to B-cell plasma membrane receptors
Become plasma cells when activated and secrete antibodies
present antigen to helper T cells

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17
Q

Cytotoxic T cells functions

A

Bind to antigens on plasma membrane of target and directly destroy the cell

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18
Q

Helper T cells functions

A

Secrete Cytokines that activate B cells, cytotoxic T cells, NK cells and macrophages

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19
Q

Macrophages Functions

A

Phagocytosis
present antigen to helper T cells
Secrete cytokines : inflammation, activation of helper T cells

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20
Q

Dendritic Cells functions

A

Phagocytosis, antigen presentation, Professional APC (Antigen presenting cell)

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21
Q

Mast cells functions

A

Release Histamine and other chemicals involved in inflammation

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22
Q

Characteristics of innate immunity

A

First line of defense: physical barriers

second line of defense: cellular factors
humoral factors

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23
Q

What is the first line of defense of innate immunity

A

Skin

Additional physical/mechanical barriers: mucus, hair, cilia

Chemical and microbiological barriers, secretions: sebum, gastric juice, lysozyme

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24
Q

What makes the second line of defense of innate immunity

A

Humoral factors:
inflammation, fever
antimicrobial substances
interferons

Cellular factors:
Phagocytic cells
cells with inflammatory mediators
Natural killer cells

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25
Stages of inflammation
1. Vasodilation: more blood flow to site, membrane is more permeable for defense substances to reach site 2. Emigration of phagocytes 3. tissue repair
26
Interferons functions in humoral response
Discourage microbial growth or spread of pathogen in surrounding healthy cells
27
Complement plasma proteins (C3b) functions in humoral response
Protein receptors that stick to pathogens and make it recognizable to be eaten by phagocytes
28
Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells) functions/roles
Target virus-infected cells and cancer cells Not antigen-specific Don't need to recognize antigen
29
How do NK cells kill cells
Release chemicals (granzyme) on cells not expressing MHC-1 Attack and kill cells directly after binding to them
30
Importance of MHC Class 1
Proteins are expressed on normal cells, so when NK cells binds to them, it moves on to the next cell without killing the normal cell. no MHC class 1 = no negative signal, so NK cells is activated and kills cell
31
Where are old RBC phagocytosed
in the spleen
32
Main role of Phagocytes
non-specifically engulf microbial invaders
33
Types of phagocytes
Fixed-tissue Macrophages neutrophils Monocytes
34
How are microbe destroyed
When ingulfed in phagocytes, bacteria is hold in a phagosome by endocytosis phagosome fuses with lysosome and bacteria is digested Waste is released either in our out of cell
35
How do phagocytes recognize microbes
Detect unique structures essential to microbial physiology (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) PAMPs
36
What are Pattern Recognition Receptors PRR: Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs)
Transmembrane receptors on macrophages essential for microbial recognition via PAMPs TLR: Extracellular domain for pathogen recognition Intracellular signaling domain
37
What type of response is Inflammation
Non-specific response to tissue damage
38
what is chemotaxis
chemically stimulated movement of phagocytes Chemokines and Chemoattractants are the chemicals attracting phagocytes
39
What happens to Neutrophils when they kill bacteria
Neutrophils die Spill NETs: neutrophil extracellular traps which slow down bacterial movement
40
what is pus
Mixture of dead bacteria and neutrophils
41
Types of antigen
Material that induces an immune response (immunogen) also, allergen ligand (binds to receptors)
42
what antigen stands for
Antibody Generator whole cell or part of a cell can be non-microbial ex: pollen, egg whites, incompatible blood, transplanted tissues
43
what is an epitope
part of antigen recognized by antibody
44
How is specific immunity activated
Dendritic Cells pick up bacteria and bring it back to lymph nodes to find antibody to counter antigen
45
What mediates specific/adaptive immunity
Antibodies or cells
46
Humoral-Antibody-mediated immunity
Involves B lymphocytes (maturation in bone marrow) Requires antigen presenting cell (dendritic cell) transform into plasma cells in secondary lymphoid organs synthesize and secrete antibodies Memory B cells
47
Cell-mediated adaptive immunity
Involves Cytotoxic T cells (maturation in thymus) requires recognition of antigen by dendritic cells Kill infected body cells, cancer cells, foreign cells
48
2 types of Major Histocompatibilty Complex (MHC)
MHC I: on all nucleated cells MHC II: expressed on antigen-presenting cells: macrophages, dendritic cells, B-cells MHC molecules are different for every person
49
What is Adaptive immunity
Defense against specific microbes which involves memory from previous encounters with antigen B and T cells recognize specific pathogen
50
3 stages of adaptive immune response
Recognition of antigen by lymphocytes Lymphocyte activation Attack by activated lymphocytes and their secretions
51
Role of helper T cells
Recognize Antigen from MHC II of APC to Activate B cells and Cytotoxic T cells by sending Cytokines
52
Events required for activation of helper T cells
1. Specific Recognition (MHC II + peptide, antigen) - T Cell receptor 2. Co-reception (at same time) CD28 (T cell) - B7 (APC) 3. Cytokine release from APC Stimulates T helper cell
53
Checkpoint inhibition for helper T cells
CTLA4 displaces CD28 and breaks bond with B7 CTLD4 binds with B7 to shut off process
54
What is anti-CTLA4
Artificial protein that sticks to CTLA4 to prevent it from inhibiting helper T cells
55
What are antibodies
Proteins called globulins (Immunoglobulins = Ig)
56
Structure of Antibodies
Contain four polypeptide chains 2 identical heavy chains 2 identical light chains Within light/heave chains Variable region Constant region
57
What is the variable region of an antibody
Antigen binding site FAB region = antigen binding fragment, hypervariable region Must vary to cover all potential antigens
58
Characteristic of constant region of antibody
FC region: Same in all antibodies of a certain class
59
5 classes of antibodies
IgG: most numerous, cross placenta IgA: in MALT, mucosal associated lung tissues, breast milk IgM: first formed, decavalent = bind to 10 antigens, can be activated into other antibodies IgD: prenatal IgE: allergy
60
Antibody-Mediated immunity process
B cells are activated in secondary lymphoid organs: spleen, lymph node, lymphoid nodule, in presence of microbe Cloning begins to produce Plasma cells secreting specific antibodies Memory cell for faster response if antigen comes back
61
Active antibody-mediated immunity process
Person's own immune system responds to a pathogen resulting in long last protection from memory cells Natural: develops from exposure to natural antigen Artificial: Develops with purposeful exposure to antigen (vaccine)
62
Passive antibody-mediated immunity process
Person receives antibodies from other source: temporary protection = no memory cells Natural: IgG from mother to fetus across placenta, IgA in breast milk (no immune system response) Artificial: Receive serum containing antibodies from other person/animal
63
Antibody function: neutralizing antigen
if antigen is a toxin, combination with antibody can cancel toxic effect
64
Antibody function: Agglutinating Antigen
Antibody immobilises bacteria to allow macrophages to consume them
65
antibody function: Precipitating antigen
If antigen is soluble, antibody can transform it into precipitation which can then be consumed by immune cells
66
Antibody function: Activating Complement
Antibody activates complement protein and allows it to kill microbes
67
Antibody function: Opsonization
Antibody is an opsin = allows phagocytes to ingest bacteria more easily by tagging them
68
Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity via Natural Killer Cells
Receptors for Fc portion of an antibody is expressed on surface of NK cells antibody binds with specific target Binding Activates release of Granzymes and perforin from NK cell
69
What is clonal expansion
Activated lymphocytes express receptor for specific antigen which leads to production of memory cells : B cells, helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells memory cells expand pool of lymphocytes with receptor, so it allows for quicker immune response if antigen comes back
70
Complement Cascade process
Antibody binds to complement proteins Afterwards, binds to antigen and activates Membrane Attack Complex
71
Membrane Attack Complex
Complements that form a channel in the microbe cell wall to make it spill its insides out (kill it)
72
Role of RAG (Recombination Activating Genes)
Splice out gene Segments : VDJ to form DNA segments for heavy chain of antibodies
73
Why do we still get sick
First exposure to pathogen, antibodies production is not quick enough
74
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl Transferase, TdT role
Add additional nucleotides at junctions between VDJ genes to give more variety (almost infinite)
75
What is immune tolerance
Clonal deletion or clonal inactivation of cells that match body antigens to protect own body cells
76
What happens to T cells that recognize self-proteins MHC Class I
They are destroyed
77
What happens to T cells that cannot recognize MHC Class II
They are destroyed
78
What percentage of T cells are destroyed
95%
79
What type of Antigen can Cytotoxic T cells recognize
Endogenous Antigen recognizes MHC I - Antigen complex on plasma membrane
80
What is an Endogenous Antigen
An antigen produced by body cells when they detect the presence of viral content inside them
81
How do Cytotoxic T cells operate
when virus infects cells, Cytotoxic T cells bind to Viral antigen on MHC Class I proteins Tc Cells are activated by Cytokines send by Helper T cell that also recognize the antigen of the MHC II protein of a APC Tc Cells are cloned, some stay as memory cells, the rest go fight the viral agents by sending perforin and granzymes on them
82
Factors altering resistance to infection
Malnutrition Preexisting disease Stress and state of mind Sleep deprivation Minimal exercise and physical activity
83
What is AIDS
Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome it infects and kills helper T cells, so immune response to pathogens and cancer is greatly diminished cannot activate B and Tc cells
84
What is SCID
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease Disease related to absence of B and T cells and sometimes NK cells
85
Harmful immune responses from Tissue/graft rejection
Different MHC I proteins of graft cells from Recipient's MHC II proteins on macrophages causes recipient's Tc cells with Th cells to attack MHC I proteins judged as foreign
86
How to avoid rejection during organ transplantation
Drugs that kill actively dividing lymphocytes ( T cells) Cyclosporine blocks cytokine production from Helper T cells However, patients are more susceptible to infections
87
Antigen and antibodies of Blood group A
Antigen: A Antibody: anti-B
88
Antigen and antibodies of blood group B
Antigen: B Antibody: anti-A
89
antigen and antibodies of blood group AB
antigen: A and B antibody: neither Anti-A and Anti-B
90
Antigen and antibodies of blood group O
antigen: neither A nor B antibodies: Both anti-A and anti-B
91
Universal Donor
O group when purified of antibodies
92
universal receiver
AB
93
What is Rh factor
+ or - additional factor
94
Types of allergic reactions
Immediate hypersensitivity delayed hypersensitivity (12-72h after)
95
What is Anaphylaxis
Allergic symptoms can cause mast cells (granulocytes with vesicles) accumulation resulting in hypotension, bronchiolar constriction
96
Autoimmune disease definition
Inappropriate immune attack triggered by body proteins acting as antigens

PHGY 209 (9 decks)

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