Blood (G) Flashcards
(157 cards)
1
Q
What kin of tissue is blood?
A
Connective tissue in the liquid state/fluid tissue
2
Q
Why is blood a tissue?
A
Because it is a collection of similar specialised cells that perform particular functions
3
Q
How much of blood is plasma?
A
55%
4
Q
How much of the blood is erythrocytes?
A
45%
5
Q
Definition of Hematocrit
A
Red cells volume/total blood volume
6
Q
What is the blood volume in men?
A
About 5 liters (7%)
7
Q
What is plasma?
A
The acellular liquid part of the blood
8
Q
What is serum?
A
The liquid part of the blood that remains after coagulation
9
Q
What is the main function of sodium, potassium, calcium in the blood?
A
Osmotic balance
10
Q
How many erythrocytes in the blood?
A
5-6 million/mm^3 or microliter
11
Q
What is the concentration of potassium ions in the cell?
A
139mM (millimolar)
12
Q
What is the concentration of potassium ions in the blood?
A
4mM
13
Q
What is the concentration of sodium ions in the cell?
A
12mM
14
Q
What is the concentration of sodium ions in the blood?
A
145mM
15
Q
What is the concentration of calcium ions in the cell?
A
<0.0002mM
16
Q
What is the concentration of calcium ions in the blood?
A
1.8
17
Q
How many percent of plasma does proteins constitute?
A
6-8%
18
Q
What is coagulation?
A
The conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin
19
Q
How many erythrocytes in blood?
A
5-6 millions/mm^3
20
Q
What does plasma constitute of?
A
Water
Salts
Plasma proteins
21
Q
Which salts are found in plasma?
A
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Chlorides
Bicarbonate
22
Q
What is the main function of water in plasma?
A
Solvent for transport of the substances
23
Q
What are the main functions of the salts in plasma?
A
Osmotic balance
Balancing of the pH
Regulation of membrane permeability
24
Q
What are the main functions of the plasma proteins in plasma?
A
Osmotic Balance
Clotting
Defence (antibody)
25
What are the main functions of the erythrocytes in blood cells?
Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
26
What are the main functions of the leukocytes in blood cells?
Defence against infections
Antibody synthesis
27
What are the main functions of the platelets in blood cells?
Blood clotting
28
Which substances are transported by the blood?
Nutrients (like glucose and fatty acids and vitamins)
Waste products from metabolism
Respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
Hormones
29
What is osmolality?
Measure of concentration in the plasma in moles solution/Kg solution
30
What is osmolarity?
Measure of concentration in the plasma in moles solution/L solution
31
How does the hypothalamus respond to plasma osmolarity?
Production of ADH and sense of thirst
32
What is the serum osmolality?
275-295 mOsml/Kg
33
What is the physiological solution?
A solution of sodium chloride in purified water containing 0.9% W/V of NaCl (that is 9 g/L)
34
What is W/V?
Weight/volume
35
How much of plasma do proteins make up?
6-8% (6-8 g/100ml)
36
What is the difference in protein composition between serum and plasma?
Fibrinogen
37
Why does serum not coagulate?
Because it doesn't have fibrinogen
38
What is coagulation?
The conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin
39
What is hematocrit?
Red cells volume/total body volume
40
Average life cycle for platelets
7-10 days
41
Average life cycle for red blood cells
120 days
42
Normal value for leukocytes in human blood
9000 cells/mm^3
43
Normal value for erythrocytes in human blood
Man: 5.4*10^6 cells/mm^3
Woman: 4.8*10^6 cells/mm^3
44
Normal value for platelets in human blood
300000 cells/mm^3
45
What do the 2 colouring mixtures in hematoxylin-eosin do?
One dye highlights the nucleus
Other dye highlights the cytoplasm
46
What is hematoxylin?
A basic dye
47
What does hematoxylin do?
Binds nucleic acids present at the core
48
Which color does hematoxylin dye?
Blueish
49
What is eosin?
Acid dye
50
What does eosin do?
Binds basic protein present massively in the cytoplasm
51
Which color does eosin dye?
pink/redish
52
What is May-Grunwald-Giemsa staining uses for?
Blood samples
53
What is the acid dye in May-Grunwald-Giemsa?
Eosin
54
What is the basic dye in May-Grunwald-Giemsa?
For May: methylene blue
For Giemsa: blue II
55
What is the activated functions off neutrophils?
Phagocytosis
Activation of bactericidal mechanisms
56
What is the circulating half life of neutrophils?
6-8 hours
57
Why are neutrophils called such?
Do not incorporate histological dyes (neither acid nor basic)
58
What is the activated functions off eosinophils?
Killing of anitbody coated parasites (important in killing pathocytes)
Allergic reactions
59
What does the cytoplasm of eosinophils contain?
Granule that strongly bind eosin
60
What does the cytoplasm of basophils contain?
Basophilic granules which react to staining with hematoxylin/eosin
61
What is the activated functions off macrophages?
Phagocytosis
Activation of bactericidal mechanism
Antigen presentation (to kill lymphocytes)
62
What are lymphocytes divided into?
B cells 15%
T cells 75%
NK cells 10%
63
What kind of cells are CD4+?
T helper cells
64
What kind of cells are CD8+?
T cells
65
Ratio of CD4+:CD8+
2:1
66
What is the activated functions off natural killer (NK) cells?
Releases lytic granules that kill some virus infected cells
67
What is Natural Killer cells important in?
Immunity, kills cancer
68
What is the activated functions off dendritic cells?
Antigen uptake in peripheral sites
Antigen presenting
69
Which of the 2 types of dendritic cells do you need to remember?
Follicular
70
Where are follicular dendritic cells present?
Germal cells
71
How many % of leukocytes are neutrophils?
65%
72
How many % of leukocytes are lymphocytes?
25%
73
How many % of leukocytes are monocytes?
6%
74
How many % of leukocytes are eosinophils?
3%
75
How many % of leukocytes are basophil?
<1%
76
What do bacterial infections induce?
Neutrophilia
77
What do viral infections induce?
Lymphocytosis
78
Example of viral infections
Mononucleosis
Mumps
Measels
79
What do astma and parasitic infections induce?
Eosinophilia
80
What is the total haemoglobin content (g/100ml)?
14g/100ml
81
What is hematocrit (HCT)?
Volume percentage of red blood cells in blood
82
What are the 3 corpuscular erythrocyte indicies?
Average corpuscular volume (MCV)
Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
Corpuscular haemoglobin average (MCH)
Red cell distribution width (RDW)
83
What is the mean corpuscular volume?
Average size of red blood cells
84
What is the mean corpuscular haemoglobin ?
Average amount of haemoglobin in a single red blood cell
85
What is the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration?
Measure haemoglobin in red blood cells and includes calculation of the size and volume of the red blood cells
86
What is the red cell distribution width?
Measures differences in the volume and size of red blood cells
87
What is the average life cycle of neutrophils?
8 hours
88
Where does hematopoiesis take place during first 2 months of intrauterine life?
Yolk sac
89
Where does hematopoiesis take place during the 6-7th month of intracellular life?
Liver and spleen
90
Where does hematopoiesis take place at birth?
Bone marrow
91
When does hematopoiesis take place at the level of bone marrow?
4th month of intrauterine life
92
Where does hematopoiesis take place during adulthood?
Bone marrow at the level of ribs. sternum, vertebrae, skull and pelvic bones (flat bones) and level of the epiphyseal proximal regions of the humerus and femur
93
What is the total medullary space in the adult?
About 4 liters
94
How much of the total medullary space in the adult is active?
About half
95
What is the total medullary space in the child?
1.6 liters
96
How much of the total medullary space in the child is active?
100%
97
What is a hematocrit?
Ratio between red blood cells and total blood volume
98
When do monocytes become macrophages?
When it migrates to tissue
99
Different names for spongy bone
Cancellous bone
Trabecular bone
100
What does it mean that spongy bone is a very porous type of bone?
It has many holes
101
What is the vascularisation of spongy bone like?
It is highly vascularised
102
What does the spaces of spongy bone contain?
Network of sinusoidal blood vessels covered in endothelial cells attached to discontinuous basal membrane
103
Where do blood precursors migrate when mature?
Through the basal membrane of the sinusoids and between the endothelial cells to enter the blood stream
104
What does hemopoiesis start from?
Pluripotent stem cell which generates all the electrical,ts present in blood
105
How many linages form from the hematopoetic stem cells?
2 (myeloid and lymphoid)
106
What arises from myeloid stem cells?
Megakaryoblast
Proerythroblast
Myeloblast
Monoblast
107
What arises from lymphoid stem cells?
Lymphoblast
108
What do pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells give rise to? (5)
Myotube
Fat cell
Osteoblasts
Chondroblasts
Endothelial cells
109
What are the 3 kinds of hematopoietic stem cells?
Long term selfrenewing HSC
Short term selfrenewing HSC
Multipotent progenitor cells
110
Different name for myeloid stem cells
Common myeloid progenitor (CMPS)
111
Different name for lymphoid stem cells
Common lymphoid progenitor (CLPS)
112
What is the precursor of all myeloid cells?
Myeloid stem cells
113
What is the precursor of all lymphoid cells?
Lymphoid stem cells
114
What does stem cell niche do?
Regulates maintenance and survival of stem cells
115
What is the niche produced by?
The microenvironment surrounding them cells
116
What kind of molecules is the niche made of?
Surface and soluble molecules
117
What does the niche control?
Rate of proliferation
Fat elf daughter stem cells
Protection of stem cells from death
118
What is the niche?
Spatial structure where stem cells are in contact with nice cells/nourishing cells
119
Where are niches located?
Near bone trabecular
In the medullary space
120
Which lineage of stem cells does dendritic cells originate from?
Both
121
What is hematopoiesis regulated by?
Hematopoietic cytokines
122
Does macrophages have different names based on tissue?
Yes
123
When is a cytokine considered an hematopoietic cytokine?
When its:
considered as a survival factor
able to induce proliferation
able to induce differentiation
124
What happens at the absence of hematopoietic cytokines?
Death of precursors of blood cells
125
What does CFU mean?
Colony forming unit
126
What does CSF mean?
Colony stimulating factor
127
What do platelets originate from?
Megakaryocytes
128
What is formed after BFU-E in erythropoiesis?
CFU-E
129
What is formed after CFU-E in erythropoiesis?
Pronormoblast
130
How many erythrocytes are formed from 1 CFU?
64
131
Most important cytokine of erythropoiesis
EPO (erythropoietin)
132
What does EPO stimulate?
CFU-E cell (has receptor for EPO w/high affinity
133
What does the concentration of EPO need to be to stimulate BFU-E and why?
10 times higher than normal as the receptors have less affinity for EPO
134
What is the stimulant for EPO secretion?
Hypoxia
135
What happens after the expression of EPO is induced in kidneys?
EPO is transported to the bone marrow where it induces the production of red blood cells
136
What is the most important general hormone factor for erythropoiesis?
EPO
137
What is EPO secreted by?
Peritubular capillaries of kidneys (small quantity is secreted from liver and brain)
138
What does EPO control?
Survival
Proliferation
Differentiation of erythroid progenitors
139
Stalin how long at high altitudes allows the mass of erythrocytes to increase?
At least 1 week
140
What do erythrocytes stimulate when there are enough to lessen production of EPO?
Normoxia
141
What is HIF-1?
A transcriptional factor
142
What does HIF-1 bind to?
Hypoxia response element (HRE) present in the promoter or enhancer of various hypoxiainducing genes
143
Example fo hypoxiainducing genes
EPO
VEGF
Glucose transporters
Glycolytic enzymes
P53
144
What kind of dimer is HIF-1
Heterodimer
145
Subunits of HIF-1
HIF-1 alpha
HIF-1 beta
146
What is HIF-1 activated by?
Hypoxia
147
What does HIF-1 respond to?
Changes in partial oxygen pressure
148
What is the average life of HIF-1?
<5 min
149
What is normoxia?
The normal levels of oxygen
150
What is hypoxia?
Low levels of oxygen (oxygen deficiency)
151
4 types of stem cells
Heterologous embryonic stem cells
Autologous stem cells
Stem cells from umbilical cord
Adult stem cells
152
Where does heterologous embryonic stem cells come from?
Inner region of embryo before it is implanted in the wall of the uterus
153
What kind of cells can Heterologous embryonic stem cells give rise to?
All kinds of cells
154
Can Heterologous embryonic stem cells be cultured in the lab?
Yes, if they are isolated from embryo at the early stages of development and cultured in the lab
155
Which kind of stem cells give rise to blood cells?
Stem cells from umbilical cord
156
What can replace bone marrow in transplantations where there are no donor matches?
Umbilical cord blood
157
