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Pathology and Immunology > General pathology intro (G) > Flashcards

General pathology intro (G) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are pathogenic factors which cause diseases?

A

Exogenous stimuli and endogenous defects capable of altering the homeostatic condition

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2
Q

What is ethology?

A

Discipline that studies the causes of diseases

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3
Q

What is pathigenesis?

A

Mechanism of action by which the causes act

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4
Q

What is a disease?

A

Detectable deviation of the homeostatic condition

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5
Q

2 kinds of etiological factors

A

Intrinsic (genetic)
Acquired (extrinsic)

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6
Q

4 kind of causes for extrinsic etiological factors

A

Physical
Chemical
Food
Biological

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7
Q

2 diseases related only to genetic factors

A

Muscular dystrophy
Haemophilia

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8
Q

What are most diseases classified as?

A

Multifactoral

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9
Q

Example of multifactorial diseases (3)

A

Cancer
Diabetes
Cardiovascular diseases

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10
Q

Example of cancer which is genetic and what gene is effected

A

Breast cancer (BRACA1 gene)

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11
Q

Example of cancer which is due to exogenous factors

A

Lung cancer

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12
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

Diseases studied at the level of population

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13
Q

What is clinical medicine?

A

Diseases studied at the level of individual

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14
Q

What is pathophysiology?

A

Diseases studied at the level of organ or system

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15
Q

What is histopathology?

A

Dieseases studied at the level of tissue

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16
Q

What is cytopathology?

A

Diseases studied at the level of cells

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17
Q

What is biochemistry?

A

Diseases studied at the level of organelles

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18
Q

What is molecular biology?

A

Diseases studied at the level of genes

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19
Q

What is biophysics?

A

Diseases studied at the level of molecules

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20
Q

What is a proteasome?

A

Multiprotein complex involved in the degradation of the polypeptides within a cell

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21
Q

What is the molecule of life?

A

DNA

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22
Q

Length of DNA present in a cell

A

2 m

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23
Q

How many billions base pairs in DNA present in a cell?

A

3.2 bill

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24
Q

Name of the 2 arms of DNA

A

P arm
Q arm

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25
Name of the transcriptionally inactive chromatin
Heterochormotin (dark)
26
Name of the transcriptionally active chromatin
Euchromatin (light)
27
5 levels of DNA condensation
Double helix DNA Chromatin: DNA strand with histones Chromatin condensed during interphase Chromatin condensation during prophase Chrimosomes during metaphase
28
How many genes are present in a cell?
About 30,000
29
How many types of polymerase are found in a cell?
3
30
2 types of class II genes
Constitutive genes Inducible genes
31
What is a basal promotor
The shortest sequence by which RNA polymerase II can initiate transcription
32
What are inducible promote ?
Response elements
33
What are heat shock protein caused by?
Internal stress
34
What is HSF?
Heat shock factor
35
What is HSP
Heat shock protein
36
Synthesis of which proteins is increased when induced to stress?
Heat shock factor
37
What are the 2 steps in transcription regulation?
Changes in the local structure of the gene The basal transcription apparatus bind to the promotor
38
3 domains in transcription factor domains
Dimerization domain (some dimer factor) DNA-binding domain Activation domain
39
What do enhancers do?
Influence the activity of the promote
40
Where can regulatory sequences be located?
Variable distances from the gene, upstream or downstream and in both orientation
41
What is methylation?
Addition of a methyl group
42
What does methylation typically suppress?
Gene expression
43
How does methylation typically suppress gene expression?
By increasing the interaction between DNA and histones
44
What do acetylation and deacetylation do?
Regulate gene expression
45
How does methylation of DNA and histones eggiest nucleosomes?
Cause them to pack tightly
46
How many genes encode for miRNA?
About 1000
47
What is the enzyme called that can cut the RNA?
Dicer
48
3 types of cells on the basis of replicators potential
Labile Stable Permanent
49
What are labile cells?
Continuously dividing/proliferating
50
Example of labile cells
Epithelial cells Haemopoietic stem cell
51
What are stable cells?
Can divide but not constantly
52
Example of stable cells
Epithelial cells Smooth muscle cells Fibroblast Endothelial cells
53
What are permanent cells?
Non-dividing/proliferating cells
54
Example of permanent cells
Cardiac and skeletal myocytes CNS neurons
55
!How long does it take for a cell to divide?!
Varies from cell to cell but the mean value is 24 hours
56
!How many red blood cells present in the human body?!
5-6 million per mm^3
57
How long does DNA replication take?
8 hours
58
How long does mitosis take?
1 hour
59
Fundamental mechanisms regulating the cell cycle consists of the activity of which 2 protein complexes?
Cyclin Cycline-dependant kinases (CDK)
60
Why are cyclins called cyclins?
Because they are synthesised and degraded in the process
61
Which amino acids can be phosphorylated?
Tyrosine (most important) Serine Threonine
62
2 examples for inhibit kinases (INK)
P16 P21
63
pH of blood
7.4
64
What kind of RNA is polymerase I (nucleol)?
Ribosomal RNA
65
What kind of RNA is polymerase II (nucleplasm)?
Messenger RNA
66
What kind of RNA is polymerase III (nucleoplasm)?
RNA transfer
67
What is a promoter?
DNA seq that regulate transcription
68
What is an enhancer?
Reinforcement element
69
What kind of structure does an enhancer have?
Modular
69
What kind of structure does a promoter have?
Modular
70
What kind of sequence does promoter have?
Common and specific
71
What kind of localisation does enhancer have?
Variable
72
What does an inducible promoter contain?
Basal sequences and specific response elements
73
What is a basal promoter?
Shortest seq which RNA polymerase ii can initiate transcription
74
What does basal promoter contain?
Common or constructive regulatory seq.
75
What is the function of basal promoter?
Allow correct localisation of starting complex to regulate efficiency of transcription
76
What does the basal transcription apparatus RNA polymerase ii require to initiate transcription?
Ancillary factors
77
What type of transcriptional factors one binds to specific sequences?
Inducible
78
Which transcriptional factors are not specific to particular genes?
Constitutive
79
Which transcriptional factors constitute basal apparatus for transcription?
Constitutive
80
Which transcriptional factors are only able to bind to target seq in activated form?
Inducible
81
Which 2 properties must transcription factors have?
Recognise specific localised target seq. in promoters, enhancer or other reg elements Interact w/ RNA polymerase or other transcriptional factors
82
What is gene expression associated with?
DNA demethylation
83
What happens if there is methylation close to a promoter?
Absence of transcription
84
What is histone methylation?
Methyl group is transferred to AA of histone proteins
85
What decides if there is an increase or decrease in transcription of genes after histone methylation?
Which AA is methylated and how many groups are attached
86
Where does methylation usually take place?
R residues of Arg and Lys at N-terminal end of histones
87
What effect does it have that methylation usually suppresses gene expression?
Increases the interaction between DNA and histones
88
In what areas is acetylation increased?
Areas containing active genes
89
What is deacetylation a prerequsite for?
Condensed and inactive structure
90
What cuts RNAds into smaller fragments (19-21 bp)?
The enzyme DICER
91
What does the fundamental mechanism regulating cellcycle consist of?
Activity of protein complex formed by cyclin and cyclin-dependant kinases (CDK)
92
2 chromatin remodelling factors
Histone deacetylases Histone Methyltransferase
93
What happens to chromatin when RB is hypophosphorylated?
Compact and inhibiting possibility of transcription
94
What happens to chromatin when RB is phosphorylated?
Chromatin is accessible to transcriptional factors including E2F for transcription of S-phase genes
95

Pathology and Immunology (10 decks)

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