Blood Group Systems Flashcards
(152 cards)
1
Q
What are the genes for the Jka and Jkb antigens?
A
SLC14A1
transport protein
14 designates the family of the solute carrier-in this case a urea transporter
A is the subfamily
1 represents the individual family member
2
Q
Which blood group antigens serve as a receptor for chemokines?
A
Duffy
3
Q
What is ACKR1?
A
Atypical Chemokine Receptor
-binds a variety of chemokines rather than specific chemokines of a single class
4
Q
True or false: Duffy antibodies are primarily IgG4 subclass
A
False—IgG1
5
Q
True or False: Fy3 in blacks reacts poorly with cord blood cells
A
True
6
Q
True or False: patients with the GATA-1 binding site do not form anti-Fyb
A
True
7
Q
The gene that encodes the Kidd antigens is located on which chromosome?
A
Chromosome 18 on the long *q) arm
Gene contains 11 exons
8
Q
True or False: The Kidd antigens are a result of two recessive alleles
A
False: to co-dominant alleles
9
Q
What is the Jk(a-b-) Null Phenotype-Dominant?
A
-In (Jk) does not reside on the Jk locus
-the red cells can adsorb/elute anti-Jka and/or anti-Jkb (depending on which genes were inherited)
10
Q
What percentage of whites/blacks respectively are Jk(a+)?
A
77% & 92%
Asians=73%
11
Q
What percentage of whites/blacks respectively are Jk(b+)?
A
74% and 49%
Asians=76%
12
Q
Which phenotype is not hemolyzed by 2M urea and thus serves as a useful screening tool?
A
Jk(a-b-) cells
13
Q
The gene that codes for the Duffy antigens is located on which chromosome?
A
Chromosome 1 (along with the __antigens) on the long arm (q)
Contains two exons
14
Q
True or False: Whenever a gene encodes for Fya or Fyb, Fy3 and Fy5 are also produced.
A
True
15
Q
What is the prevalence of Fy (a+) in whites/blacks respectively?
A
66% and 10%
Asians=99%
16
Q
What is the prevalence of Fy (b+) in whites/blacks respectively?
A
83% and 23%
Asians=18.5%
17
Q
The formation of anti-Jk3 occurs in null phenotype from which inheritance pattern?
A
Recessive
18
Q
The urea transporter housing the Kidd antigens is known as______?
A
UT-B
19
Q
True or False: The Duffy antigen is expressed on a carbohydrate.
A
False: A glycoprotein
20
Q
Jk(a-b-) due to In(Jk) is the result of which inheritance pattern?
A
Domimant
21
Q
What antigens crossing over represent linkage disequilibrium?
A
M s is an example
22
Q
What is a glycophorin?
A
Sialoglycoproteins basis for the MNS blood group system
23
Q
GPA and GPB are found on which chromosome?
A
Chromosome 4 on the long arm
24
Q
What are the most common gene complexes in the MNS system?
A
Ns, Ms, MS, NS
25
Which blood group antigens have been detected on renal capillary endothelium?
MN
26
True or false: MN antigens are variably depressed by sialidase.
True
27
Lutheran antigens are located on:
A. Glycoproteins
B. Polypeptides
C. Glycolipids
D. Carbohydrates
A.
28
Lutheran antigens are destroyed by
A. Ficin
B. Papain
C. Trypsin/Chymotripsin
D. AET/DTT
C/D
29
True or False: LU antigens are encoded by the BCAM allele located on chromosome 19
true
30
True or False: Kel antigens are located on a red cell membrane glycoprotein CD238.
True
31
Which antigens reside on the glycoprotein known as the atypical chemokine receptor (ACKR1)?
FY system antigens
32
Which blood group antigens are located on the urea transporter glycoprotein?
JK (Kidd) antigens
33
What is the gene that produces the JK antigens?
SLC14A1
34
What is the common name for the red cell ion exchanger or solute carrier family 4A1 (SLC4A1)?
Band 3
35
Antigens in the DI system are located on
1. Glycolipid
2. Glycocarbohydrate
3. Glycoprotein
4. Polypeptides
3-Glycoprotein
36
Wra and Wrb are a part of which blood group system?
DI
37
What is the gene that encodes for the YT system antigens?
ACHE
38
What are the two antigens of the XG blood group system?
1. Xg (XG1)
2. CD99(XG2)
39
Name five antigens in the DO (Dombrock) blood group system.
1. DOa
2. Dob
3. Hy
4. Gy
5. Joa
40
Which blood group antigens are located on the red cell membranes water transporter, aquaphorin-1, encoded by the AQP1gene on chromosome 7p14?
CO (Colton) system antigens-Coa, Cob, Co:-3 (Co null) & Co4
41
True or False:LW antigens have a weaker expression on cord blood cells.
False
42
Which blood group antigen glycoprotein is intercellular adhesion molecule-4, an IgSF adhesion molecule encoded by ICAM4 on chromosome 19p13.2?
LW
43
Which blood group antigens are located on GPC, GPD or both, two glycoproteins that are produced by the same gene, GYPC, located on chromosome 2q14-2q21?
GE (Gerbich)—-Ge2, Ge3, Ge4, GEPL, GEAT and GETI
44
What is the true null phenotype in the GE system?
Ge:-2, -3, -4. (Both GPC and GPD are absent from the red cells)
45
Which antigens are located on the complement regulatory glycoprotein called the decay-accelerating factor (DAF or CD55)?
CROM (Cromer)
46
Name four antigens in the Cromer system
Tca, Tcb, Tcc, Cra, Dra
47
Name four antigens in the KN (Knopf) System
Kna, McCa, Sla, Yka
48
Why is it recommended that transfusion of male patients with chronic granulomatous disease and McLeod syndrome be avoided?
Because these patients will usually produce anti-Km and anti-Kx
49
Which antibody do people with the McLeod phenotype without chronic granulomatous disease produce?
Anti-Km
50
HLA genes are located within multiple highly polymorphic loci on the ____arm of chromosome_____.
Short
6
51
HLA genes encode multiple Class I and Class II cell-surface proteins including:
Class I (HLA-A,-B, and -C)
Class II (HLA-DR, -DQ, and -DP)
52
The A antigen is expressed when which sugar is added to the H substance?
N-ACETYL-GALACTOSAMINE
53
The B antigen is expressed when____________is added to the H substance?
Galactose
54
Which blood group has the least amount of H?
A1B
55
True or False: Le (a-b+) individuals are highly likely to form Lea antibodies upon alloexposure.
False
56
True or False: Para-Bombay individuals have a functioning FUT2 gene.
True
57
True or False: P2 phenotype individuals produce Pk, but not P or P1 antigens
False
58
Inactivating A4GALT gene mutations result in the loss of expressions of which antigens?
A. P1
B. P
C. Pk
D. All of the above
D
59
ABO genotyping that shows homozygosity for common O alleles, but serologically reacts with some examples of anti-A, most likely is caused by:
A. ABO subgroup
B. B(A)
C. FORS1
D. CisAB
C
60
Del antigen is found most frequently in which population?
East Asian (25-30% of D neg)
61
True: The trans position of Ce (Dce/dCe) is the normal expression
True
62
True or False: Each blood group system is controlled by a single gene or by >/= 2 very closely linked homologous genes
True
63
Which blood group system antigen specificities are determined by carbohydrate epitopes?
ABO
H
LE
P1PK
I
GLOB
64
Which blood group system antigen specificities are determined by amino acid sequencese?
MNS
KEL
FY
JK
65
What is the chromosome location for the following blood group systems?e
ABO
H
MNS
Rh
P1PK
KEL
LU
LE
FY
JK
ABO-9
H-19
MNS-4
Rh-1
P1PK-22
KEL-7
LU-19
LE-19
FY-1
JK-18
66
True or False: blood group system genes code for blood group antigens.
False
The genes code for the enzyme that produces the antigen.
67
The Bombay phenotype arises from the inheritance of a nonfunctional _____gene and a non-functional ______gene or inheriting two_____genes.
FUT1
FUT2
hh
68
TRUE OR FALSE: NORMAL A AND B GENES MAY BE INHERITED IN THE BOMBAY PHENOTYPE
TRUE
69
The anti-H lectin is ___________.
Ulex europaeus
70
Para-Bombay individuals are H-deficient, but have a functional ______gene.
FUT2
71
Alleles of the Secretor locus are _____ and ______.
Se (FUT2)
se
72
Secretors are found in ____% of the population.
80%
73
Alleles of the LE locus include_______ and _______.
Le (FUT3)
le
74
The P1 antigen is a part of which blood group system
The P1Pk (formerly the P system)
75
The P antigen is a part of which blood group system?
Globoside
76
What is the relative order of frequency of the common Rh haplotypes in Whites and Blacks?
Whites-R1>r>R2>R0
Blacks-R0>r>R1>R2
77
List the 5 amino acids on the glycophorin A chain that make up the M antigen and the N antigen
Serine
Serine
Threonine
Threonine
Glycine
Leucine
Serine
Threonine
Threonine
Glutamic acid
78
Rosenfield Nomenclature
Numerical-Rh:-1-2-3,4,5
79
Which of the following statements about the Vel antigen is false?
1. Vel has >99% frequency in all populations
2. Vel is not part of a blood group system
3. The antibodies may be a mix of IgM/IgG
4. May cause severe HTR or HDFN
2
80
List an example of a dominant “inhibitor” gene that codes for null phenotype.
In(Jk)
81
Give an example of a dominant suppressor gene that codes for a null phenotype.
In(Lu)
82
Which blood group’s gene product is Band 3 (Anion Exchanger) whose function is Anion Transport?
Diego
83
Which blood group system’s gene product is Acetylcholineserase (AChE)?
Yt
84
Which blood group’s gene product is the HERMAP (Human Erythroid Membrane Associated Protein) and functions in adhesion?
Scianna (SC)
85
Which blood group’s gene product is GPC and GPD and functions as a structural RBC protein & membrane integrity?
Gerbich
86
Which blood group system’s gene products are DAF and CD55 and are involved in complement regulation?
Cromer
87
Which blood group system’s gene products is CD44 and functions in adhesion (lymphocytes, monocytes and tumor cells)?
Indian (In)
88
What is the function of the DO glycoprotein of the Dombrock Blood Group system?
ADP ribosyltransferase
89
Which blood group system’s gene products is CD108 and functions in Semaphoring-7A?
JMH
90
Which blood group system antigens are located on complement receptor 1?
Knops
91
Which blood group antigens are located on C4?
Chido/Rogers
92
Which blood group system’s gene product is B-Cam and the ________Glycoprotein?
Lutheran
93
Which blood group system’s gene products function in metalloendopeptidase that processes endothelial-3?
Kell
94
What percentage of A2B individuals will have anti-A1 in their plasma?
35%
95
What blood types will react strongest with anti-H?
O>A2>B>A2B>A1>A1B
96
What percentage of A2 individuals will present with anti-A1 in their serum?
5%
97
Some examples of anti-Leb react preferentially with Le (b+) red cells that express the greatest levels of H antigen (group O); these antibodies are identified as anti-____________
LebH
98
What percentage of D negative recipients will produce anti-D when >200 ml of D-positive rbcs are transfused?
85%
99
Type 1 oligosaccharide changes have a beta one to three linkage between galactose and N-acetlyglucosamine and are found on/in _______________.
In secretions
100
Type 2 oligosaccharide chains have a beta one to four linkage between the galactose and n-acetylglucosamine and are found in/on ___________.
On red blood cells
101
True or False: The product of the FUT3 gene is an alpha fucosyltransferase that adds fucose to soluble type 2 oligosaccharide chains.
False—soluble type 1 chains; type 2 chains are not soluble and are found on the red cell; Le antigens are soluble proteins
102
Non-secretors are-
1. Le (a+b-)
2. Le (a+b+)
3. Le (a-b+)
4. Le (a-b-)
1. Le (a+b-)
103
The causative antibody in CAD and may be associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections
Autoanti-I
104
Antibody that may be a causative antibody in CAD and secondary to infectious mononucleosis
Autoanti-i
105
What antigens are on the red blood cell of a P1 individual? What antibodies are in the serum?
P1, P, Pk (trace amount)
None
106
What antigens are on the RBCs of a P2 individual? What antibodies are in the serum?
P, Pk (trace amount)
Anti-P1 (25% will have)
107
What antigens will be on the RBC of a p individual? What antibodies will be in the serum?
None
Anti-PP1Pk
108
Rh antibodies are mostly of which IgG subclass(es)?
IgG1 and IgG3
109
True or false: Antibodies to G appear as anti-D plus anti-C but cannot be separated.
True
110
What are two genetic causes of the Rh null phenotype
Regulator type—RHD and RHCE genes that are inherited are unable to make their respective antigens because of an absent or mutated Rh-associated glycoprotein (RHAG).
Amorph type-Arises from the inheritance of mutated RHCE gene and deleted RHD gene
111
Which of the following statements are true about Rh null RBCs?
1. Rh null cells express decreased levels of glycophorin B and lack FY5, LWa and LWb antigens.
2. Persons who are Rh null experience a type of anemia with hereditary stomacytosis.
3. Rh null individuals must be transfused with Rh null red cells if immunized.
4. All of the above
4
112
Individuals that lack all or part of GPA also lack a high prevalence antigen called_______
Ena
113
2% of blacks lack GPB and the high prevalence antigen________.
U
114
A rare gene in the MNS system that produces neither GPA or GPB and lacks all MNS antigens?
Mk
115
Some examples of anti-M may be enhanced by ________the pH.
lowering to 6.5
116
McLeod red cells express diminished amounts of ______antigens and lack the high-prevalence antigens______ and ______.
KEL
Kx
Km
117
HLA MHC Class I products are:
HLA-A
HLA-B
HLA-C
Expressed on all uncleared cells
118
HLA MHC Class II products are:
HLA-DP
HLA-DQ
HLA-DR
Expressed on antigen-presenting cells including B lymphocytes, dendritic cells and macrophages
119
HLA MHC Class III products are:
Complement proteins
Tumor necrosis factor
120
Posttransfusion purpura characteristics—
Occurs 5-10 days after a red cell transfusion in patients with HPA antibodies
Produces profound thrombocytopenia and destruction of the patient’s own platelets
Anti-HPA-1a is most frequently implicated
Treatment includes the administration of IVIG
121
FNAIT (Fetal and Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia—-
Maternal IgG HPA abs cross the placenta and destroy fetal platelets
Anti-HPA-1a is most frequently implicated
Treatment includes administration of IVIG w/ or w/o antigen negative platelets that can include maternal washed platelets
122
True or false: Platelet transfusion refractoriness is caused mostly by HPA antibodies.
False
Is cause by HLA antibodies and HPA antibodies, but most frequently HLA
123
What is rhi?
Ce. Or DCe, Ce
124
How to differentiate anti-G, from anti-C,-D?
Adsorb plasma with r’r cells; r’r (Cce) will adsorb only anti-C and anti-G, leaving behind the anti-D (if present) in the adsorbed plasma.
125
What are some characteristics of Rh null?
-RBC morphology: spherocytic, stomatocytic and osmotically fragile
-Compensated anemia
-No LW or Fy5 antigens; altered Glycophorin B
-2 types
—-regulator type
—amorph type
126
True or False: Kpa can depress other KEL system antigens?
True
127
What are the Gerbich negative phenotypes
Ge:-2, 3, 4—-YUS—-Normal Kell antigen
Ge:-2, -3, 4—Gerbich—-weakened Kell antigen
Ge:-2, -3, -4–Leach (true null)—Depressed Kell antigen
128
Describe Fyx (Fymod)
Fyx is a phenotype, not an antigen
SNP mutation FY*B gene
Fyx have weak Fyb, Fy3, Fy5 and Fy6
Reduced binding of chemokines
129
What are two types of JK Null phenotype?
JK Null Amorphic
—Jk/Jk homozygous
—totally lacks Jka, Jkb, Jk3
—found in 0.9% Polynesians
—Finnish descent
—readily make anti-Jk3, often with-Jka, -Jkb
JK Null In (JK) Surpressor
—dominant inhibitor like In(Lu)
—Not as common as the amorphic type
—Reported in Japanese families
—Cells are Jk(a-b-)
—Do not make Jk3
130
What is the amino acid sequence for the M antigen?
Serine
Serine
Threonine
Threonine
Glycine
131
What is the amino acid sequence for the N antigen?
Leucine
Serine
Threonine
Threonine
Glutamic Acid
132
What’s the amino acid sequence for GPB?
Leucine
Serine
Threonine
Threonine
Glutamic Acid
Methionine
Threonine
133
What are the three different types of Lu(a-b-) inheritance?
1. Lu(a-b-) Recessive
— Recessive amorph Lu
—LuLu cells are Lu (a-b-)
—Can make anti-Lu3 and/or -Lua, -Lub
2. Lu(a-b-) Dominant Inhibitor
—In (Lu)
—Cells are Lu(a-b-) but can adsorb/elute
__No antibody production
__Also some depression of P1, AnWj, In antigens
3. Lu (a-b-) X-Borne Suppressor
—X-borne suppressor, recessive X52
—No antibody production
134
What are some characteristics of Lutheran antibodies?
-May give mixed-field appearance
-Naturally occurring IgM and Iga
-Immune IgG
-both anti-Lua and -Lub have caused mild DHTR
-do not cause HDN
-antigens not fully developed at birth
-anti-Lu8 can cause AHTRs
135
Which gene produces Band 3?
Diego (DI)
136
What are some characteristics of the DIego system?
=Maintains the structural integrity of the red cell
-Allows anion (HCO3- and Cl-) exchange across red cell membrane
-22 antigens including Dia, Dib, Wra, Wrb
-Resistant to BB chemicals: ficin, DTT and trypsin
137
Which blood group system is associated with acetlycholinesterase?
YT
138
What are some characteristics of YT?
-2 antigens on acetlycholinesterase
-DTT and chymotrypsin sensitive
-50% of anti-Yta are clinically significant
-no HDFN
139
What are the antithetical alleles for Xg?
-Xga-66% males and 89% females
-CD99 (high prevalence)
-sensitive to ficin, trypsin and chymotrypsin
-DTT resistant
-anti-Xga IgG, but not usually clinically significant
-weakly expressed on cord blood cells
140
Which blood group antigens are located on aqua-Orin-1 (AQP1)?
Colton (CO)
141
What are some characteristics of Colton antigens/antibodies?
-Coa is the high
-Cob is the low
-Resistant to ficin and DTT
-Co(a-b-) makes anti-CO3
-both abs have caused HTRs and HDFN
142
What are some characteristics of Gerbich (GE)?
-carried on GPC and GPD
-interact directly with protein band 4.1, which is integral in maintaining RBC shape
—4.1 deficient rbcs can be associated with elliptocytosis
-RBC receptor for Influenza A and B
-50-90% of Melanesians
-mostly IgG (may have an IgM component)
-do not bind complement
-generally not clinically significant , but anti-Ge3 reported in HDFN cases
-Autoanti-Ge2, -3 reported in AIHA
-ficin treatment differentiates anti-Ge3
143
What antigens are located on the complement regulatory glycoprotein (DAF or CD55)?
Cromer
144
What are some characteristics of Cromer (CR)?
-DAF (Decay accelerating factor) is associated with Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemaglobinuria (PNH)
-All high prevalence except Tcb, Tcc and Wes a
-antithetical pairs
—Tca/Tcb/Tcc
—WESa/WESb
-Null phenotype = Inab phenotype; can make anti-IFC
-antigens depressed during pregnancy
-ags poorly expressed on cord cells
-ficin/trypsin resistant
-DTT-weakened
145
What are some characteristics of Indian (IN)?
-glycoprotein is CD44
-sensitive to ficin, DTT, trypsin, chymotrypsin
-Weak on cord cells, pregnant women and In(Lu) RBCs
-no HDFN
-no to severe HTR for Inb
146
What antigens are destroyed by Ficin and DTT?
IN, JMH
147
Which antigen is the receptor for Heliobacter pylori in the gastric mucosal endothelium?
Leb
148
Which null phenotype is associated with cataracts in individuals of Asian descent due to a silencing nucleotide change that affects tissues?
I
149
What are the GPI-linked proteins and what is their significance?
Cromer
YT
Dombrock
JMH
Emm
CD59
KANNO
Patients with PNH type III lack GPI-linked proteins, these ags are not expressed.
150
Duffy glycoprotein has been identified as an erythrocyte receptor for:
1. Interleukin-8
2. Interleukin-2
3. Interleukin-4
4. Interleukin-6
1. Interleukin-8
151
Which of the following categories of partial D would be Goa positive?
1. DAU
2. DIII
3. DIVa
4. DVII
DIVa
152
True or false: The LW antigen is often depressed in the presence of anti-LW
True
