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Blood Grouping Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of stem cells in the blood?

A

Lymphoid and Myeloid

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2
Q

Name a type of Lymphoid stem cell

A

Lymphocytes

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3
Q

Name the 6 types of Myeloid stem cells

A 
Erythrocytes
Monocytes
Platelets
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
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4
Q

What are the 4 constituents of plasma?

A

Water
Electrolytes
Plasma proteins (e.g. albumin, fibrinogen)
Substances transported (e.g. nutrients, waste products, gases)

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5
Q

What are the components of blood and what percentage of the blood do they cover?

A

Plasma 55%

Formed Elements 45%

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6
Q

Describe the process of blood cell production

A
  • Process called Erythropoiesis
  • Hormone involved called Erythropoietin, produced in the kidneys (or liver in foetus)
  • Erythrocytes formed from red bone marrow and have a life span of 120 days
  • RBC are destroyed in the reticuloendothelial system and mature RBC are enucleated
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7
Q

What does enucleated mean?

A

Absence of a nucleus

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8
Q

Describe the process of regulating RBC production rate

A

If levels of oxygen are low, kidneys release erythropoietin which stimulates the red bone marrow to enhance erythropoiesis

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9
Q

Give 3 reasons why there may be a low oxygen level in the blood

A
  1. Decreased RBC count
  2. Decreased amount of Hb
  3. Decreased availability of oxygen
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10
Q

What are the 3 main functions of blood?

A
  1. Distribution
  2. Regulation
  3. Protection
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11
Q

In a centrifuged blood sample, what does the buffy coat situated between the formed elements and the plasma contain?

A

Leukocytes and platelets

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12
Q

What determines whether blood is group A, B, AB or O?

A

The antigens on the surface of the RBC

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13
Q

What is another name for antigens?

A

Agglutinogens

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14
Q

What type of molecules is an antigen?

A

Glycoprotein

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15
Q

What antibodies are in the blood of group A?

A

Anti-B

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16
Q

What antibodies are in the blood of group B?

17
Q

What antibodies are in the blood of group AB?

18
Q

What antibodies are in the blood of group O?

A

Anti-A and Anti-B

19
Q

What determines whether the blood is positive or negative?

A

The presence or absence of the rhesus antigen.
Present = positive
Absent = negative

20
Q

What is another name for antibodies?

A

Agglutinins

21
Q

What are the 3 types of antibody?

A

Anti-A
Anti-B
Anti-D

22
Q

Why are the antibodies in blood not complementary to the RBC antigens?

A

Because they would react together and break down RBC

23
Q

What is unusual about antibodies?

A

They have 2 attachment sites

24
Q

Are A, B and O antigens dominant or recessive?

A

A and B are co-dominant

O is recessive

25
Describe the agglutination reaction
- RBC clump together due to an antigen-antibody reaction - Agglutination is the splitting of donor's RBC - Splitting of RBC = haemolysis
26
Describe the relationship between the donor's blood and the recipient's blood.
- If donor antibodies react with recipient antigens, there is minimal damage as the antibodies are diluted in the recipient's circulation; this is called the Dilution Effect - If donor antigens react with recipient antibodies, this can be fatal
27
What is cross-matching?
Testing donor's RBC for agglutination using recipient's serum; the result is compatibility (remains clear) or incompatibility (goes cloudy/ clumpy)
28
What type of donor blood can group A receive?
Group A or O
29
What type of donor blood can group B receive?
Group B or O
30
What type of donor blood can group AB receive?
Group A, B, AB or O
31
What type of donor blood can group O receive?
Group O
32
What are the 10 steps of a blood transfusion process?
1. Blood request 2. Patient's sample collection 3. Blood grouping 4. Cross-matching 5. Blood component stage 6. Pre-admin precautions 7. Admin of blood components 8. Monitoring during admin 9. Adverse transfusion reaction 10. Management of adverse reaction
33
What blood should be used in an emergency as the least likely to cause a reaction?
O negative
34
What blood type is given to rhesus positive and negative patients?
Rhesus positive = positive or negative | Rhesus negative = negative only
35
Why are some pregnant women given anti-D?
- Given to women who are rhesus negative - Blood type of baby is unknown and if baby is rhesus positive, mother and baby's blood would mix and mother would make anti-D antibodies to break down baby's RBC - Anti-D antigens given in injection to 'mop up' anti-D antibodies
36
How is blood tested for rhesus positive or negative?
Anti-D antibodies are added - if there is a reaction, blood is rhesus positive

Physical Health Sciences (15 decks)

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