Blood/Heart

Question 1

Circulatory System Functions

Answer 1

Transportation, Regulation, and Protection

Question 2

Transportation of the Circulatory System

Answer 2

Respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes

Question 3

Regulation of the Circulatory System

Answer 3

Hormonal, temperature

Question 4

Protection of the Circulatory System

Answer 4

Clotting and immunity

Question 5

Major Components of the Circulatory System

Answer 5

Heart, Blood Vessels, Blood, Lymphatic System

Question 6

How much blood on average does the human body have?

Answer 6

About 5 liters (give or take)

Question 7

Blood Composition includes…? (Formed Elements)

Answer 7

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, and Platelets

Question 8

What is the difference between arterial blood and venous blood?

Answer 8

Arterial blood- oxygen rich blood that leaves the heart
Venous blood- oxygen poor blood circulating into the heart

Question 9

What is hematocrit?

Answer 9

Percentage of red blood cells to the total volume of blood

Question 10

What are the different components of centrifuged blood?

Answer 10

Plasma (top layer), Buffy Coat (middle layer), Erythrocytes or Red blood cells (bottom layer)

Question 11

What are the normal hematocrit values?

Answer 11

Males- 38-48%
Females- 35-45%

Question 12

What is osmolarity?

Answer 12

the concentration of a solution expressed as the total number of solute particles per liter
(i.e. hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic)

Question 13

What would happen to a cell in a hypertonic solution?

Answer 13

The cell would shrivel up due to the solution being saltier than the inside of the cell

Question 14

What would happen to a cell in a hypotonic solution?

Answer 14

The cell would expand due to the solution being more dilute than the inside of the cell

Question 15

What would happen to a cell in an isotonic solution?

Answer 15

The cell would stay the same

Question 16

Why do erythrocytes lack organelles?

Answer 16

So that they can make hemoglobin

Question 17

What is hemoglobin and what are its functions?

Answer 17

stuff inside the red blood cell that makes it red, it carries oxygen

Question 18

What things increase erythropoiesis?

Answer 18

-Making new red blood cells
-Working out/ regular exercise
-Having a lung disease
-Increasing altitude

Question 19

What is erythropoiesis?

Answer 19

Formation of red blood cells from erythroblasts

Question 20

What are antigens?

Answer 20

Name Tag on the outside of the cell that identifies it

Question 21

What are antibodies?

Answer 21

Things that float around freely and are specific to certain antigens (A is going to have Anti-B antibodies)

Question 22

What is agglutination?

Answer 22

When antibodies attach to blood cells when body has those antibodies, causes cells to pack together

Question 23

What is the Rh factor?

Answer 23

What determines if you have a positive or negative blood type (D antigen effects this)

Question 24

What is RhoGAM?

Answer 24

Inactive, synthetic body that prevent mother’s body from killing baby due to blood type

Question 25

What is the list of leukocytes concentration?

Answer 25

Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, and Basophils (Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas)

Question 26

What is the process of blood clotting?

Answer 26

Vasoconstriction (reduces blood flow downstream), Platelet plug (platelets start to stick together), and coagulation (formation of the fibrin protein web)

Question 27

Which form of clotting is faster: extrinsic or intrinsic?

Answer 27

Extrinsic

Question 28

What would happen if there was no calcium involved in the blood clotting process?

Answer 28

If there was no calcium, we would not be able to work our way through the clotting pathways at all

Question 29

What is plasmin? When is plasmin used?

Answer 29

-The enzyme that digests fibrin -This is used during the process of fibrinolysis (breaking down fibrin)

Question 30

What are the four chambers of the heart?

Answer 30

Left and right atriums, Left and right ventricles

Question 31

What is the pulmonary circuit of the body?

Answer 31

The right side of the heart and the lungs

Question 32

What is the systematic circuit of the body?

Answer 32

The left side of the heart and the rest of the body (not including the lungs)

Question 33

What are the functions of the atria?

Answer 33

pump blood to the ventricles

Question 34

What are the functions of the ventricles?

Answer 34

receive blood, squeeze, pushes blood out

Question 35

What are the valves of the heart? What are their functions?

Answer 35

-Tricuspid valve (right AV) -Bicuspid valve (left AV) -They prevent backflow

Question 36

What is the pathway of blood flow through the heart starting at the right atrium?

Answer 36

1- Blood enters the right atrium from the superior/inferior vena cava. 2- Blood flows through the right AV valve into the right ventricle. 3- Right ventricle contracts which opens the pulmonary valve. 4- Blood flows through pulmonary valve into the pulmonary trunk and is distributed into the lungs. (Unloads CO2 and loads O2) 5- Blood goes into the pulmonary veins and back into the LEFT atrium. 6- Blood flows through the left AV valve and into the left ventricle. 7- Contraction of the left ventricle forces the aortic valve to open. 8- Blood flows through the aortic valve and into the ascending aorta. 9- Blood is then distributed to every organ in the body.

Question 37

What are the structures involved in the conduction system of the heart?

Answer 37

SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Right and left Bundle branches, and Purkinje Fibers

Question 38

How does the conduction system of the heart operate?

Answer 38

Signal starts @ SA node, goes everywhere all directions, AV node, slows down to allow signal to spread all the way across left ventricle, Bundle of His, down into right and left bundle branches very fast, into Purkinje fibers

Question 39

Why are pacemaker cells self-stimulating?

Answer 39

-They are self-excitable and able to depolarize to threshold and fire action potentials on their own -Also known as being autorhythmic -HCN/Funny channels: gets opened by hyperpolarization, sodium leaks back in and threshold is met, and depolarization starts again

Question 40

What things affect heart rate?

Answer 40

Sympathetic: fight or flight Parasympathetic: rest and digest

Question 41

What is systole and diastole?

Answer 41

Systole: contraction Diastole: relaxation

Question 42

Depolarization vs. Repolarization

Answer 42

Depolarization: cells become less negative and contract, an electric impulse is generated, sodium ions rush into the cells here and cause them to be positively charged, Repolarization: cells return to negatively charged state, potassium ions leave the cell during this time

Question 43

What are the different waves of an EKG?

Answer 43

P wave - atrial depolarization P-Q interval – atrial systole QRS wave - ventricular depolarization S-T segment - plateau phase, ventricular systole T wave - ventricular repolarization

Question 44

What causes the heart sounds?

Answer 44

- Lub Dub sounds are when the valves are opening and closing ("Lub” occurs after the QRS wave as the AV valves close, “Dub” occurs at the beginning of the T wave as the SL valves close)

Question 45

Cardiac output is what equation?

Answer 45

Heart Rate x Stroke Volume = Cardiac Output

Question 46

Stroke Volume can be affected by...?

Answer 46

- Volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole. -Peripheral resistance (resistance in the arteries) -Strength of the ventricular contractions

Question 47

Blood Pressure Homeostasis, what variables can affect it?

Answer 47

Blood volume, stroke volume, total peripheral resistance, and cardiac rate

Question 48

Basics of blood pressure measurement, what are they?

Answer 48

1- Measured in mmHg by an instrument called a sphygmomanometer. 2- A blood pressure cuff produces turbulent flow of blood in the brachial artery, which can be heard using a stethoscope; called sounds of Korotkoff. 3- The cuff is first inflated to beyond systolic blood pressure to pinch off the brachial artery. As pressure is released, the first sound is heard at systole and a reading can be taken. 4- The last Korotkoff sound is heard when the pressure in the cuff reaches diastolic pressure, and a second reading can be taken – laminar flow returns which has no sound. 5- The average blood pressure is 120/80.