Special Senses, Endocrine, Immune System Flashcards
Exam 3 (39 cards)
How are receptors classified?
Phasic vs. Tonic
- based on how they respond to stimuli
How do phasic receptors work?
-They respond with a burst of activity right away and then adapt and decrease their response
-Fast Adapting
(Ex. Alerting us to changes in the environment)
What senses are associated with phasic receptors?
Smell, Touch, Temperature
How do tonic receptors work?
-They maintain a high firing response as long as the stimulus is applied.
-Slow Adapting
(Ex. Pain)
What are proprioceptors and where are they found?
-Found in the muscle, tendons, and joints
-Provides sense of body position and allows for fine muscle control
-Includes the muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and joint receptors
What are nociceptors and what is the stimuli for them?
-Pain receptors that depolarize when tissues are damaged
-Stimuli includes heat, cold, pressure, and chemicals
-Can be enhanced by emotions, concepts, and expectations
What are the main neurotransmitters for nociceptors?
Glutamate and Substance P
What is olfactory fatigue?
When a person’s nose, after exposure to certain odors, is no longer able to detect the odor
What are Chemoreceptors and what are they stimulated by?
-They sense chemicals in the environment and in the blood (by taste and smell)
-Stimulated by dissolved chemicals
What are mechanoreceptors and what are they stimulated by?
-Works with touch and hearing to activate nerve endings to respond to distortion in the body tissue
-Stimulated by the mechanical deformation of the receptor
What are photoreceptors and what are they stimulated by?
-Sense light, the rods and cones in the retina of the eye
-Stimulated by light
Pathway of soundwaves through middle ear, inner ear, and then the nerve (List the structures that it passes through/over)
Auricle, external auditory meatus, tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes, semicircular canals, ampulla, utricle, saccule, cochlea, vestibular and auditory –nerves, brain
What is refraction?
-Bending of light as it passes from one place to the other
Where are rods and cones located and what are they?
-The inner part of the eye
-Photoreceptors
What are rods and what are their different segments?
-They allow black and white vision in low light
-Outer segment: modified cilium to absorb light, has a visual pigment called rhodopsin
-Inner segment: rhodopsin, opsin, retinal, a derivative of Vitamin A proteins
What are cones?
-Less sensitive to light, allow color vision
-They have trichromatic vision
-Have photopsins with retinene
What is are the three cones involved in trichromatic vision?
S: short wavelengths, blue
M: medium wavelengths, green
L: long wavelengths, red
What is bleaching?
When light hits the protein it “bleaches”- turns yellow and then colorless. It straightens out and breaks down into opsin and retinal.
What are hormones?
Chemical messengers that are transported by the bloodstream and stimulate physiological responses in cells of another tissue or organ
Nervous System vs. Endocrine System
-Both systems are for internal communication
-Nervous system reacts quickly while the endocrine system responds slowly
-Response time: Nervous system adapts quickly and response declines, Endocrine system adapts slowly and response persists
-Area of effect: Nervous system targets one organ, endocrine system is widespread through the body
Hypothalamic Hormones List
- Gonadotropin-Releasing
- Thyrotropin-Releasing
- Corticotropin-Releasing
- Prolactin-Inhibiting
- Growth Hormone-Releasing
- Somatostatin
- Oxytocin
- Antidiuretic Hormone
Anterior Lobe Hormones List
- Follicle-Stimulating
- Luteinizing
- Thyroid-Stimulating (thyrotropin)
- Adrenocorticotropic
- Prolactin
- Growth Hormone
Target organ
Abbreviation
(Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone)
- Anterior pituitary
- CRH
Target organ
Abbreviation
(Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone)
- Anterior pituitary
- GRH
