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Microscopic Anatomy > blood I > Flashcards

blood I Flashcards

1
Q

how many liters of blood are in the body

A

5 liters

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2
Q

what are the two major components of blood?

A

formed elements

plasma

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3
Q

what 3 things are in the formed elements part of blood?

A

erythrocytes
leukocytes
platelets

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4
Q

what are the two roles of albumin?

A

maintain osmotic pressure of blood

plays role in transport of water insoluble substance

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5
Q

in centrifugation, what is the lowest layer consist of? what is its percentage of the blood volume?

A

red blood cells
45% of blood volume
41% for females
45% for males

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6
Q

what is the hematocrit?

A

percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells

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7
Q

in centrifugation, what is the middle layer consist of? what is its percentage of the blood volume?what is its color?

A

white/grey color
consists of leukocytes and platelets
1% of blood volume

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8
Q

in centrifugation, what is the upper layer consist of? what is its percentage of the blood volume? color?

A

blood plasma
slightly more than 50% of blood volume
yellowish translucent supernatant

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9
Q

what are the 3 components of the RBC membrane skeleton

A

spectrin, actin and protein 4.1

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10
Q

what component of RBCs are responsible for making the cell stain eosinophilically?

A

hemoglobin (which constitutes 1/3 of RBC weight)

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11
Q

composition of HbA1

A

2 alpha polypeptide chains
2 polypeptide chains
95% of adult HB

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12
Q

composition of HbA2

A

2 alpha polypeptide chains
2 delta polypeptide chains
5% of adult hb

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13
Q

composition of HbF

A

2 alpha polypeptide chains

2 gamma polypeptide chains

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14
Q

how are senescent RBCs removed?

A

by macrophages in spleen, liver and bone marrow

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15
Q

what dye does reticulocytes stain?

A

stains with brilliant cresyl blue

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16
Q

what things can be monitored by knowing reticulocyte concentration?

A 
rate of RBC production
diagnosis and classification of anemia
monitor treatment of anemia
monitor bone regeneration
monitor hemopoetic restoration after erythropoietin therapy
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17
Q

how does leukocytes leave the blood vessels?

A

through diapedesis

18
Q

what 3 leukocytes have specific granules

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
“the phils”

19
Q

what 2 leukocytes do not have specific granules

A

lymphocytes
monocytes
“the cytes”

20
Q

what is relative frequency of neutrophils in the blood?

A

60-70%

21
Q

what is relative frequency of eosinophils in the blood?

A

2-4%

22
Q

what is relative frequency of basophils in the blood?

A

0-1%

23
Q

what is relative frequency of monocytes in the blood?

A

3-8%

24
Q

what is relative frequency of lymphocytes in the blood?

A

20-30%

25
Q

what color do specific granules stain?

A

salmon pink

26
Q

what are most azurophilic granules?

A

lysosomes

27
Q

what are some functions of neutrophils?

A 
phagocytosis 
chemotaxis
formation of superoxide anions
netosis-release net-like structure capable of "trapping" microbes
production of cytokines
28
Q

describe eosinophil’s nucleus

A

bi-lobed

29
Q

function of eosinophils

A

phagocytosis (kill parasites)
secretion (histamine)
synthesize leukotriene C4 and platelet activating factor
produce cytokines

30
Q

what is the role of eosinophils in asthma?

A

airway constriction
mucus hypersecretion
airway inflammation
airway remodeling

31
Q

what components are basophil granules rich in?

A

heparin, histimine and SRS-A

32
Q

function of basophils

A

inflammation
immediate hypersensitivity reaction
IgE attaches to basophil surface

33
Q

what color is the cytoplasm of lympocytes?

A

pale blue

34
Q

what percentage of circulating lymphocytes are T cells?

A

70-80%

35
Q

what are functions of CD8 cells

A

lyse target cells (perforin)

induce apoptosis in target cells (granzymes)

36
Q

what is characteristic of NK cells that separates them from other lymphocytes?

A

large azurophilic granules

37
Q

what are the 4 major types of T cells?

A

cytotoxic cells
helper cells
suppressor cells
memory T cells

38
Q

describe the monocyte nucleus

A

variable shaped, euchromatic

39
Q

what is a unique structure that you can see in monocytes?

A

vacuoles

40
Q

in cases of inflammation, what do monocytes form?

A

giant cells

41
Q

what is the normal platelet count in peripheral blood?

A

200,000-400,000 per uL

42
Q

what is the average life span of a platelet?

A

10 days

Microscopic Anatomy (3 decks)

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