blood + immunity cram :( Flashcards
(88 cards)
1
Q
components of blood
A
- 70kg person has abt 5L of blood
- 55% fluid
- 45% cells
2
Q
blood pasma
A
fluid portion of blood; 90% water, other 10% is blood, proteins, glucose, vitamins, minerals, dissolved gasses, waste
3
Q
blood plasma proteins (3)
A
albumins, globulins, fibrinogen
4
Q
albumins
A
establish osmotic pressure, maintains body fluid lvls
5
Q
globulins
A
antibodies providing protection against invading microbes
6
Q
fibrinogen
A
important in blood clotting
7
Q
hemoglobin
A
iron containing respiratory pigment carrying oxygen
8
Q
erthrocytes RBCS function
A
transports oxygen, oxygen diffuses from air + into blood pasma + is picked up by hemoglobin, increasing capacity of blood to carry oxygen
9
Q
w/o hemoglobin, what would happen?
A
RBCs would carry enough oxygen for 5 secs of life, improvement of 5 mins w it + gets replenished by lungs every min
9
Q
hemoglobin’s 2 parts
A
heme: iron containing pigment
globin: protein struction
10
Q
3 types of blood cells
A
erthyrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
10
Q
erthrocytes (6)
A
- biconcave shape
- very small
- enuclated (no nucleus)
- production rapid in bone marrow ~ 5 mil every min
- male: 5.5mil RBC/mL of blood
- female: 4.5mil RBC/mL
11
Q
erthropoeisis
A
process of making RBCs
11
Q
erthropoeisis process
A
- start as nucleated stem cells
- cells divide + shrink when taking up hemoglobin
- nucleus eventually disappears
12
Q
diapedesis
A
process which WBCs squeeze through clefts between capillary cells
12
Q
what does exercise, high attitude, hemorrhage cause, how does body respond?
A
low oxygen lvls in blood, body increases RBC production
13
Q
anemia
A
deficiency in hemoglobin/ RBC decrease oxygen delivery to tissue
14
Q
leukocytes (WBCS) comparison w RBC
A
- less numerous than RBC
- RBC outnumber 700 to 1
- distinct shape + several types
15
Q
do leukocytes (WBCs) have a nucleus
A
yes
15
Q
where are leukocytes (WBCs) produced
A
bone marrow + lympth nodes
16
Q
how do WBCs engulf invading microbes
A
- phagocytosis + releases enzyme destroying it + itself
- leftovers = pus
- form special proteins- antibodies
17
Q
how are platelets shaped
A
irregularly, fragmented
18
Q
what process do platelets initiate
A
blood clotting process
18
Q
do platelets have a nucleus
A
no
19
where are platelets produced
bone marrow
20
blood clot
responsible for preventing loss of blood
21
what are platelets key to
creating blood clots as they move through blood vessels
22
how are blood clots formed (5)
1. platelets break apart releasing protein
2. thromboplastin w calcium activates plasma protein
3. prothrombin transformed into thrombin
4. thrombin act upon fibrinogen, converting to fibrin threads
5. threads wrap around damaged area sealing it, resulting in thrombus
23
what protein are formed when platelets break apart
thromboplastin
24
what plasma protein is activated by thromboplastin w calcium
prothrombin
25
thrombus
stops flow of blood + oxygen to an area, can be dangerous
26
what kind of thrombus is found in the brain
cerebral (stroke)
26
what kind of thrombus is found in the heart
coronary (heart attack)
27
what kind of glycoprotein marker does type b blood have
type b marker
28
what kind of glycoprotein marker does type a blood have
a marker glycoprotein
28
who reported that blood could be classified into different blood types? what year?
1901, karl landsteiner
29
what distinguishes between different blood groups
glycoproteins, which are special markers on blood cell membranes
30
what kind of glycoprotein marker does type ab blood have
both
30
antigen
markers of blood groups, stimulates formation of antibodies
31
what kind of glycoprotein marker does type o blood have
neither
32
how do antibodies cause the blood to clump
attach to antigen
32
whyre antibodies produced
response to foreign invader
32
agglutination
blood clumping
33
where are antibodies found
blood plasma
34
what year was another antigen found on RBC? what was it?
1940s, rhesus factor
35
which blood group is known as the universal donor? why?
type o, contains no antigen
36
which blood group is known as universal acceptors? why?
type AB (both antigens)
37
is the rhesus factor inherited
yes, like the ABO blood types
38
can Rh- donate to Rh+?
yes but cant be vice versa, important in pregnancy
39
if a Rh- female + Rh+ male reproduce, what will the baby be?
Rh+
39
if you have the rhesus factor antigen, what are you?
Rh+ (85% of canadians) if not, youre Rh-
40
erythroblastosis fetalis (blue-baby)
- when baby is Rh+ and mom is Rh-
- mothers blood detects Rh antigens @ birth + trigger antibodies so baby is ok
- 2nd pregnancy, moms blood has antibody so if blood mixes=problematic
41
blood type frequency
A- 40%
B- 11%
AB- 4%
O- 45%
42
pathogen
biological agent causing disease
43
cellular pathogens (4)
helminth, protoza, fungi, bacteria
44
acellular pathogens (2)
viruses, prions
45
antigen
immune system recognizes difference between foreign stuff + body stuff, glycoproteins = antigens (non-self) markers
46
primary pathogen defence
surface barrier
- skin, hair, eyelids
- mucus membranes (cillia- respiratory system)
- chem protection (acid-stomach, lysozyme- tears)
47
2nd line of defence- innate immunity
non specific cellular + molecular responses dont change
- phagocytic WBCS migrate to engulf foreign protein (phagocytosis)
- inflammation, fever. activating antimicrobial proteins
48
where is t cell produced
bone marrow
49
where is t cell stored
thymus gland
50
what do t-cells do? what happens after? (4)
1. helper t ID pathogen from antigen- macrophages (APC)
2. killer t kills cell w invading microbe
3. suppressor t ends killing spree
4. memory t remembers antigen
51
b-cells
produced + released from bone marrow, make antibodies (specific immunity) based on info from helper t-cell
52
antibodies
- y shaped proteins targeting SPECIFIC invader
- arms differ, matching antigen marker
- makes microbe identifiable to macrophages
53
describe the immune response (more in depth)
1. macrophages looking for microbes, overpowers, contacts helper t
2. helper t ID enemy (antigens), call b for help
3. b cells make antibodies, attach to antigen (marks it)
4. killer t goes after host cell/ bacteria to kill
5. macrophages eat up the leftovers
6. suppressor t break up party
7. memory t leaves imprint + remembers antigen
8. memory b remembers antibody
54
how is immune response activated by vaccine
towards antigen, can kill pathogen
54
are viruses affected by antibodies
no bc has no metabolism
54
what do antibiotics block
processes in prokaryotic but not eukaryotic cells
54
whats injected into body from vaccines
weakened/ killed pathogen/ mRNA for antigen protein
54
how is the memory of antigens retained during vaccines
memory t, b cells, so when body exposed to real pathogen, no sickness
55
how come some bacteria arent affected by antibiotics
genes developed
55
naturally acquired active immunity
antigens enter body naturally + body makes antibodies + specialized lymphocytes
56
naturally acquired passive immunity
antibodies pass from mother to bb by placenta/ milk
57
artificially acquired active immunity
antigens introduced in vaccines + body makes antibodies + specialized lymphocytes
58
artificially acquired passive immunity
preformed antibodies in immune serum introduced by injection
59
auto immune diseases
system incorrectly attacks healthy cells
ex: arthritis, multiple sclerosis
60
cancer
normal cells mutate + replicate uncontrollably
61
HIV
virus reduces lymphocytes, causes loss in ability to make antibodies-> leads to AIDS
62
AIDS
acquired human deficiency syndrome
63
how are hiv and aids transmitted
body fluid
64
zoonoses
- infectious disease from other species to humans
- transferred directly from non-human host/ transmitted by unaffected intermediate species (vector mosquito)
65
zoonoses- tuberculosis
bacteria in cattle related to human variant, can cross species barrier
- affects lungs- cough w blood
66
zoonoses- rabies
virus w hosts like birds, reptiles, mammals
- starts like flu, affects nervous system, leads to aggression
67
zoonoses- japanese encephalitis
virus (JEV) infecting brain, causes inflammation, leads to seizures
- starts in pigs + wild birds, spread by infected mosquitoes
68
epidemiology
study of distribution, patterns, determinants of diseases + how to control their spread
69
heard immunity
majority of population develops immunity to pathogen + reduced risk of transmission between non-immune individuals
70
% difference
(diff/avg) * 100%
71
% change
((final-initial)/ initial) * 100%
