circulatory system, blood, immunity Flashcards
(176 cards)
1
Q
is the circulatory system closed?
A
yes
2
Q
how does blood travel around?
A
set pattern
3
Q
circulatory system functions? (5)
A
- carries nutrients + O2 to cells
- takes water (urea + CO2) away from cell
- distributes heat
- sends chemical messengers to different part of body (hormones)
- defends against foreign organisms
4
Q
how much does the heart pump/ min
A
5L
5
Q
how many times does the heart beat/min
A
~70
6
Q
what is the size of the heart?
A
size of fist; 300g
7
Q
whats the heart made out of?
A
cardiac muscle cells/ myogenic muscle allowing propagation of stimuli
8
Q
how is cardiac muscle arranged?
A
branched, has intercalated cells
9
Q
septum
A
wall of muscle, separating left + right of heart
10
Q
how many chambers does a heart have?
A
2 top atria; 2 bottom ventricles (larger bc they pump blood to body)
11
Q
how many valves prevent backflow of blood
A
4
12
Q
tricuspid
A
right AV (between atrium + ventricle valve)
13
Q
pericardium
A
fluid filled sac reducing friction surrounds heart
14
Q
bicuspid (mitral)
A
left AV valve
15
Q
what are AV valves supported by
A
cordae tendinae, attached to papillary muscle
16
Q
how does blood enter body
A
- superior + inferior vena cava into right atrium
- tricuspid valve into right ventricle
16
Q
semi-lunar valve
A
1 pulmonary between pulmonary artery + right ventricle
17
Q
where is the 2nd aortic located
A
between left ventricle + aorta
18
Q
how does the blood leave the left ventricle
A
aortic semi-lunar valves into aorta where it goes to body
19
Q
where does the blood flow through after the pulmonary semi-lunar valve
A
pulmonary artery + off to lungs
20
Q
where does blood first come from when it flows from the left side
A
pulmonary vein + enters left atrium, through bicuspid (mitral) valve attached to cordea tenidae + papillary muscles + into left ventricle
21
Q
what happens if heart muscle isnt fed
A
heart attack
22
Q
coronary circulatory pathway
A
heat pumps blood to itself
23
Q
how to fix clogged arteries (3)
A
- proper diet
- angioplasty- use balloon to push open plaque + open surgery
- bypass surgery- use vein/ artery to bypass blocked coronary
23
angina
chest pains
24
what is coronary artery disease caused by
- fatty plaque (antheroma) buildup in inner lining of coronary arteries
- lumen gets narrow can be occluded (blocked)
25
systemic circulatory pathway
heart pumps blood to entire body
26
pulmonary circulatory pathway
heart pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs to release CO2 + pick up O2 to become oxygenated
27
blood vessels (5)
1. arteries
2. arterioles
3. capillaries
4. venules
5. veins
28
exception of arteries carrying oxygenated blood
pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood
28
heartbeat sounds (2)
- Lub- closing of AV valves
- Dub- closing of semi lunar valves
29
arteries
carry blood AWAY from ventricles of heart @ high pressure
30
characteristics of arteries
- thick walls w muscle + elastic fibers visible in wall under microscope
- small lumen
- muscle + elastic fibres assist in maintaining blood pressure between pump cycles
31
arterioles
smaller arteries
32
can the pressure still be high for arterioles
yes but less than arteries; as you get further from heart, pressure decreases
33
what is the smooth muscle in brains controlled by in arterioles
brain ANS automatic nervous system
33
what regulates blood flood
precapillary sphincters
34
example of vasoconstriction
being scared + face goes pale
35
what can brain messages cause
diameter of blood vessel to decrease (vasoconstriction)/ enlarge (vasodilation)
36
what are capillaries made of
single layer of cells
37
what are capillaries ideal for and why
fluid + gas exchange bc of thin wall
38
characteristics of capillaries (3)
- easily destroyed
- high SA; pressure drops a lot
- blood goes in w oxygen + leaves w/o it
39
what do venules do
connects capillaries + veins
40
where do veins always lead to? the exception?
towards heart except when pulmonary veins carry oxygenated
41
what are venules lined with
smooth muscle
42
what happens to venules bc theres not enough blood pressure to return it to the heart
passive muscle contractions squeeze vessels
43
when are larger blood vessels formed
venules merge
44
what are veins lined with
venous valves, preventing backflow of blood
45
what helps w venous pressure in veins
movement of skeletal muscle
46
what do veins act as
blood reservoirs; 50% of total blood volume found in veins
47
what kind of wave does an electrocardiograph have
PQRST wave
48
what does the P mean in PQRST
current passing from SA node
49
what does QRS stand for in PQRST
current passing over the ventricles from AV node
50
what does T stand for in PQRST wave
ventricles have recovered/ resting
51
what does the transition from P-R refer to in the PQRST wave
atria contracting
52
what does the transition from S-T refer to in the PQRST wave
ventricles contracting
53
what does the transition from T-P refer to in the PQRST wave
relaxing of ventricles
54
BP systole
contraction of ventricles forcing blood out of heart (relaxed atria)
55
BP systolic pressure
pressure in ventricles during this contraction
56
BP diastole
relaxation of ventricles; atria contract to force blood into ventricles
57
BP diastolic pressure
pressure in ventricles during relaxation phase
58
how is BP measured
systolic/ diastolic in mmHg
59
BP sphygomomanometer
blood pressure cuff
60
BP regulation- what are BP receptors called
baroreceptors located in walls of aorta + carotid arteries, sensitive to high pressure
61
what happens if BP is high
medulla oblongata stimulates parasympathetc (slow down) nerve to dilate arterioles
- increases output, decreasing BP + heart rate
62
what happens if BP is low
medulla oblongata stimulates sympathetic (speed up) nerve
arterioles constrict, raising BP
63
what happens to heart rate be of vasodilation and vasoconstriction respectively
lowered, increased
64
what happens if theres stress
medulla signals adrenal gland to release hormone epinephrine which also prepares body for physical activity
65
2 forces of capillary fluid exchange
1. fluid pressure- force of blood on capillary wall; allows movement of water out of blood vessel
2. osmotic pressure- protein molecules + minerals in blood make blood hypertonic solution in capillaries thus, drawing fluid into capillaries
66
extra-cellular fluid (ECF)
- fluid outside of cells + outside of blood vessels
- allows for diffusion of materials between blood vessels as well as cell to cell
67
how come materials are normally filtered out of capillary
blood pressure pushing materials out towards cells (arteriole end)
68
pathway of red blood cells (14)
SRTRPPLPLBLAAL
superior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semi-lunar valve, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic semi-lunar valve, aorta, left ventricle
68
how come normally materials are absorbed back into capillary from ECF
osmotic pressure (venule end)
69
edema + 3 examples
tissue swelling bc too much fluid (water) collecting in ECF surrounding tissues
ex: high BP, starving, allergies
70
what happens to ventricles when semilunar valves contracted or relaxed
open and closed respectively
71
what happens to ventricles when AV valves contracted or relaxed
closed and opened respectively
72
what happens to ventricles when blood movies into arteries
ventricles are contracted
73
what happens to ventricles when blood moves into ventricles
ventricles relaxed
74
what happens to ventricles when blood moves into atria
ventricles relaxed
75
how is high BP an ex of edema
forces fluid out of capillaries; not allowing to come back
76
how is starving an ex of edema
uses up proteins in blood, lowering osmotic pressure; less water moves back into capillary
77
how are allergies an ex of edema
chem HISTAMINE released by cells believing theyre under attack, histamine increases capillary permeability so proteins enters ECF + lowers osmotic pressure; less H2O into capillary
78
lymphatic system functions (3)
1. returns proteins in ECF to circulatory system; if not done=edema
2. filter + clean ECF w phagocytic WBC
3. transport fat from lacteals in vili of SI
79
do lymphatic systems have pumps
no, uses muscular contraction to move LYMPH fluid + vessels have 1 way valves like veins
80
lymph nodes
where lymph passes through, masses of spongy tissue containing phagocytic WBCs destroying infectious invaders
ex:tonsils
81
what do lymph nodes filter out
debris
82
where are lymph nodes found
neck, armpit, groin area
83
when do lymph nodes become swollen
infection bc large # of WBC produced
84
components of blood
- 70kg person has abt 5L of blood
- 55% fluid
- 45% cells
85
blood pasma
fluid portion of blood; 90%, other 10% is blood, proteins, glucose, vitamins, minerals, dissolved gasses, waste
86
blood plasma proteins (3)
albumins, globulins, fibrinogen
87
albumins
establish *osmotic* pressure, maintains body fluid lvls
88
globulins
antibodies providing protection against invading microbes
89
fibrinogen
important in blood clotting
90
erthrocytes RBCS function
transports oxygen, oxygen diffuses from air + into blood pasma + is picked up by hemoglobin, increasing capacity of blood to carry oxygen
91
hemoglobin
iron containing respiratory pigment carrying oxygen
92
w/o hemoglobin, what would happen?
RBCs would carry enough oxygen for 5 secs of life, improvement of 5 mins w it + gets replenished by lungs every min
93
hemoglobin's 2 parts
heme: iron containing pigment
globin: protein structure
94
3 types of blood cells
erthyrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
95
erthrocytes (6)
- biconcave shape
- very small
- enuclated (no nucleus)
- production rapid in bone marrow ~ 5 mil every min
- male: 5.5mil RBC/mL of blood
- female: 4.5mil RBC/mL
96
erthropoeisis
process of making RBCs
97
erthropoeisis process
1. start as nucleated stem cells
2. cells divide + shrink when taking up hemoglobin
3. nucleus eventually disappears
98
what does exercise, high attitude, hemorrhage cause, how does body respond?
low oxygen lvls in blood, body increases RBC production
99
anemia
deficiency in hemoglobin/ RBC decrease oxygen delivery to tissue
100
leukocytes (WBCS) comparison w RBC
- less numerous than RBC
- RBC outnumber 700 to 1
- distinct shape + several types
101
diapedesis
diapedesis
102
do leukocytes (WBCs) have a nucleus
yes
103
where are leukocytes (WBCs) produced
bone marrow + lympth nodes
104
how do WBCs engulf invading microbes
- phagocytosis + releases enzyme destroying it + itself
- leftovers = pus
- form special proteins- antibodies
105
do platelets have a nucleus
no
106
where are platelets produced
bone marrow
107
how are platelets shaped
irregularly, fragmented
108
what process do platelets initiate
blood clotting process
109
blood clot
responsible for preventing loss of blood
110
what are platelets key to
creating blood clots as they move through blood vessels
111
how are blood clots formed (5)
1. platelets break apart releasing protein
2. thromboplastin w calcium activates plasma protein
3. prothrombin transformed into thrombin
4. thrombin act upon fibrinogen, converting to fibrin threads
5. threads wrap around damaged area sealing it, resulting in thrombus
112
what protein are formed when platelets break apart
thromboplastin
113
what plasma protein is activated by thromboplastin w calcium
prothrombin
114
thrombus
stops flow of blood + oxygen to an area, can be dangerous
115
what kind of thrombus is found in the heart
coronary (heart attack)
116
what kind of thrombus is found in the brain
cerebral (stroke)
117
who reported that blood could be classified into different blood types? what year?
1901, karl landsteiner
118
what distinguishes between different blood groups
glycoproteins, which are special markers on blood cell membranes
119
what kind of glycoprotein marker does type a blood have
a marker glycoprotein
120
what kind of glycoprotein marker does type b blood have
type b marker
121
what kind of glycoprotein marker does type ab blood have
both
122
what kind of glycoprotein marker does type o blood have
neither
123
antigen
markers of blood groups, stimulates formation of antibodies
124
whyre antibodies produced
response to foreign invader
125
where are antibodies found
blood plasma
126
how do antibodies cause the blood to clump
attach to antigen
127
agglutination
blood clumping
128
which blood group is known as universal acceptors? why?
type AB (both antigens)
129
what year was another antigen found on RBC? what was it?
1940s, rhesus factor
130
which blood group is known as the universal donor? why?
type o, contains no antigen
131
is the rhesus factor inherited
yes, like the ABO blood types
132
if you have the rhesus factor antigen, what are you?
Rh+ (85% of canadians) if not, youre Rh-
133
can Rh- donate to Rh+?
yes but cant be vice versa, important in pregnancy
134
if a Rh- female + Rh+ male reproduce, what will the baby be?
Rh+
135
erythroblastosis fetalis (blue-baby)
- when baby is Rh+ and mom is Rh-
- mothers blood detects Rh antigens @ birth + trigger antibodies so baby is ok
- 2nd pregnancy, moms blood has antibody so if blood mixes=problematic
136
blood type frequency
A- 40%
B- 11%
AB- 4%
O- 45%
137
pathogen
biological agent causing disease
138
cellular pathogens (4)
helminth, protoza, fungi, bacteria
139
acellular pathogens (2)
viruses, prions
140
antigen
immune system recognizes difference between foreign stuff + body stuff, glycoproteins = antigens (non-self) markers
141
primary pathogen defence
surface barrier
- skin, hair, eyelids
- mucus membranes (cillia- respiratory system)
- chem protection (acid-stomach, lysozyme- tears)
142
2nd line of defence- innate immunity
non specific cellular + molecular responses dont change
- phagocytic WBCS migrate to engulf foreign protein (phagocytosis)
- inflammation, fever. activating antimicrobial proteins
143
where is t cell produced
bone marrow
144
where is t cell stored
thymus gland
145
what do t-cells do? what happens after? (4)
1. helper t ID pathogen from antigen- macrophages (APC)
2. killer t kills cell w invading microbe
3. suppressor t ends killing spree
4. memory t remembers antigen
146
b-cells
produced + released from bone marrow, make antibodies (specific immunity) based on info from helper t-cell
147
describe the immune response (more in depth)
1. macrophages looking for microbes, overpowers, contacts helper t
2. helper t ID enemy (antigens), call b for help
3. b cells make antibodies, attach to antigen (marks it)
4. killer t goes after host cell/ bacteria to kill
5. macrophages eat up the leftovers
6. suppressor t break up party
7. memory t leaves imprint + remembers antigen
8. memory b remembers antibody
147
antibodies
- y shaped proteins targeting SPECIFIC invader
- arms differ, matching antigen marker
- makes microbe identifiable to macrophages
148
how is immune response activated by vaccine
towards antigen, can kill pathogen
149
are viruses affected by antibodies
no bc has no metabolism
150
what do antibiotics block
processes in prokaryotic but not eukaryotic cells
151
whats injected into body from vaccines
weakened/ killed pathogen/ mRNA for antigen protein
152
how is the memory of antigens retained during vaccines
memory t, b cells, so when body exposed to real pathogen, no sickness
153
how come some bacteria arent affected by antibiotics
genes developed
154
naturally acquired active immunity
antigens enter body naturally + body makes antibodies + specialized lymphocytes
155
naturally acquired passive immunity
antibodies pass from mother to bb by placenta/ milk
156
artificially acquired passive immunity
preformed antibodies in immune serum introduced by injection
157
artificially acquired active immunity
antigens introduced in vaccines + body makes antibodies + specialized lymphocytes
158
auto immune diseases
system incorrectly attacks healthy cells
ex: arthritis, multiple sclerosis
159
cancer
normal cells mutate + replicate uncontrollably
160
AIDS
acquired human deficiency syndrome
160
HIV
virus reduces lymphocytes, causes loss in ability to make antibodies-> leads to AIDS
160
how are hiv and aids transmitted
body fluid
161
zoonoses
- infectious disease from other species to humans
- transferred directly from non-human host/ transmitted by unaffected intermediate species (vector mosquito)
162
zoonoses- tuberculosis
bacteria in cattle related to human variant, can cross species barrier
- affects lungs- cough w blood
163
zoonoses- rabies
virus w hosts like birds, reptiles, mammals
- starts like flu, affects nervous system, leads to aggression
164
zoonoses- japanese encephalitis
virus (JEV) infecting brain, causes inflammation, leads to seizures
- starts in pigs + wild birds, spread by infected mosquitoes
165
epidemiology
study of distribution, patterns, determinants of diseases + how to control their spread
166
heard immunity
majority of population develops immunity to pathogen + reduced risk of transmission between non-immune individuals
167
% difference
(diff/avg) * 100%
168
% change
((final-initial)/ initial) * 100%
