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ASCI 2120 Exam 3 > Blood, Lymph, and Immunity > Flashcards

Blood, Lymph, and Immunity Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A

Transports O2, nutrients, waste products, hormones, white blood cells, and platelets
Regulates body temperature and pH
Defends against pathogens and provides clotting factors

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2
Q

What are anticoagulants?

A

Substances that tie up clotting factors and prevent blood from clotting e.g. EDTA

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3
Q

What is serum?

A

Plasma - clotting proteins

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4
Q

What are the main plasma proteins in blood?

A

Albumins (transport lipids and steroids), transport globulins (transport ions, hormones, and lipids), immunoglobulins (antibodies), fibrinogen

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5
Q

What is the difference between plasma and interstitial fluid?

A

Plasma is an intravascular fluid and interstitial fluid is just between cells. They are different in dissolved protein concentrations and levels of respiratory gases.

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6
Q

What are the formed elements of blood?

A

RBCs, WBCs, platelets

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7
Q

What is the function of RBCs?

A

Transport of respiratory gases

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8
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

Aka PCV, percentage of RBCs in centrifuged whole blood

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9
Q

Can RBCs divide? Can they repair themselves? Do they have a nucleus?

A

No, no, and no

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10
Q

Why is the shape and size of RBCs important?

A

High surface-to-volume ratio; discs form stacks that smooth the flow through narrow blood vessels; discs bend and flex; short diffusion distance

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11
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

A protein that transports respiratory gases; has 4 globular protein subunits, each with 1 molecule heme and each heme contains 1 iron ion, which forms a weak bond with O2

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12
Q

What is the difference between oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin?

A

Oxyhemoglobin is bright red and carries oxygenated blood in arteries. Deoxyhemoglobin is dark red and is in veins.

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13
Q

What is anemia?

A

Hematocrit or hemoglobin levels below normal

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14
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

An increase in the number of RBCs due to something like dehydration.

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15
Q

What do surface antigens (agglutinogens) do?

A

Trigger immune responses

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16
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Globular proteins that bind to specific “foreign” antigens and promote their destruction or removal from the body

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17
Q

Tell me about the structure and function of leukocytes.

A

Do not have hemoglobin; have nuclei and other organelles. Defend against pathogens, remove toxins and wastes, and attack abnormal cells

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18
Q

What are the two types of leukocytes (structurally)?

A

Granulocytes (basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils) and agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes)

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19
Q

What are some special characteristics of WBCs?

A

Capable of amoeboid movement; can migrate out of the bloodstream; some (neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes) can phagocytize

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20
Q

What’s the difference between monocytes and macrophages?

A

Macrophages are monocytes that have moved out of the bloodstream and into peripheral tissues

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21
Q

Describe the structure and function of neutrophils

A

Very dense segmented nucleus; granules contain lysosomal enzymes and bactericidal compounds like hydrogen peroxide; phagocytize small microorganisms; 1st line of defense

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22
Q

Describe the structure and function of eosinophils.

A

Bilobed nucleus; phagocytize toxic compounds (bacteria, protozoa, or cellular debris); defend against large multicellular parasites; release anti-inflammatory substances

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23
Q

Describe the structure and function of basophils.

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A

Nucleus not visible; release histamine (dilates blood vessels) and heparin (prevents blood clotting)

24
Q

Describe the structure and function of monocytes

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A

Big kidney shaped nucleus; major and aggressive phagocytes that release chemicals to attract and stimulate other phagocytic cells; secrete substances that lure fibroblasts into the region to produce scar tissue

25
Describe the structure and function of lymphocytes
Large round nucleus; migrate in and out of blood; T cells (cell-mediated immunity) directly attack foreign invaders; B cells (humoral immunity) produce and distribute antibodies; NK cells (immune surveillance)
26
Describe the structure and function of thrombocytes.
Cell fragments; release important clotting chemicals, temporarily patch damaged vessel walls; actively contract tissues after clot formation
27
What is hemostasis?
The process by which blood is prevented from leaking from damaged blood vessels
28
What are the three phases of hemostasis?
Vascular phase: a cut triggers vascular spasm; smooth muscle cells contract and endothelial cell membranes become sticky Platelet phase: platelets attach to exposed surfaces and form a platelet plug Coagulation phase: blood clotting; conversion of circulating fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin
29
What is fibrinolysis?
As the repairs proceed, the clot is gradually dissolved by enzymes
30
What is hematopoeisis?
The entire process of all blood cell production (in red bone marrow)
31
What is leukemia?
Increase in WBCs in blood
32
What are the 4 components of the lymphatic system?
Lymph (similar to plasma but does not have plasma proteins), lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissues/organs, and lymphocytes (T B and NK cells)
33
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
The production, maintenance, and distribution of lymphocytes (immune function); the return of fluid and solutes from peripheral tissues to the blood, also transports hormones, nutrients, and waste products
34
What are the lymphatic vessels from smallest to biggest
Lymphatic capillaries (terminal lymphatics), lymphatic vessels (lymphatics), lymphatic trunks, lymphatic ducts
35
What is the function of lymph nodes
Filters and purifies lymph before it reaches venous circulation. Removes debris, pathogens, and 99% of antigens
36
Describe the structure and function of the spleen.
The largest lymphoid organ; red pulp contains blood vessels and storage space (sinuses); white pulp contains localized areas of lymphoid tissue; removes foreign materials and dead, dying, or abnormal RBCs
37
What is the path of lymph flow through a lymph node?
Afferent lymphatics Subcapsular sinus Outer cortex (B cells) Deep cortex (T cells) Medulla (B cells, macrophages) Efferent lymphatics
38
Describe the structure and function of the thymus.
Lies on either side of the trachea (two lobules); each lobule has a cortex and medulla. Final site of T cell devleopment; secrete a group of hormones (thymosin) to stimulate T cell development
39
What does gut-associated lymphoid tissue include?
Tonsils, Peyer's patches (organized lymphoid follicles), and specialized M cells (transport microbes from the intestine to the other side for macrophages)
40
What is the difference between innate and acquired immunity?
Innate is nonspecific and does not distinguish one type of threat from another. Acquired is specific and protects against particular threats.
41
What are the seven types of nonspecific immunity?
Physical barrier, phagocytes, immunological surveillance (NK cells), interferons, complement system, inflammation, fever
42
How do NK cells work?
They recognize and destory abnormal cells by detecting the antigens on their cell membranes and lysing them by forming pores with perforin
43
What are interferons?
Small proteins released by activated lymphocytes and macrophages and by tissue cells infected with viruses. Trigger production of antiviral proteins, which do not kill viruses but block their replication in a cell
44
What is the complement system?
11 complement proteins that supplement the action of antibodies by forming a membrane attack complex (MAC) on target cell membranes, which forms a pore
45
What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation?
Swelling, redness, warmth, pain, loss of function
46
What does histamine do?
Increases dilation of blood vessels and capillary permeability
47
What does heparin do?
Inhibits clotting
48
What are pyrogens?
Proteins that can reset a body's thermostat and raise body temperature
49
What are the four properties of specific immunity?
Specificity, versatility, memory, and tolerance
50
Describe T cells
Cytotoxic T cells: release perforin Helper T cells: stimulate both T and B cells Suppressor T cells: inhibit T and B cells
51
Describe B cells
Responsible for antibody (humoral)-mediated immunity
52
Describe the structure of an antibody
2 parallel pairs of polypeptide chains (1 pair heavy 1 pair light). Each chain contains constant segments and variable segments
53
What are the five types of constant segments on an antibody?
IgG, IgE, IgD, IgM, or IgA
54
What are variable segments on an antibody?
Contain antigen-binding sites
55
What are the seven actions of antibodies?
Neutralization of antigen binding sites; precipitation and agglutination (formation of immune complex); activation of complement; attraction of phagocytes; opsonization (increasing phagocyte efficiency); stimulation of inflammation; prevention of bacterial and viral adhesion
56

ASCI 2120 Exam 3 (4 decks)

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