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ASCI 2120 Exam 3 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

What are the five main functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

Carry blood, exchange materials, transport substances, regulate pressure, direct bloodflow

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2
Q

How many atrioventricular (AV) valves are there? What are they called?

A

Two: tricupid aka right AV valve; and bicuspid aka mitral aka left AV valve

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3
Q

How many semilunar (SL) valves are there? What are they called?

A

Two: pulmonary semilunar valve and aortic semilunar valve

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4
Q

Tell me about the fibrous skeleton of the heart.

A

Consists of four dense bands of tough, elastic tissue that encircle the bases of the pulmonary trunk and aorta and the heart valves.

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5
Q

What are the five classes (types) of blood vessels?

A

Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venuoles, veins

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6
Q

What are the three layers of the walls of blood vessels?

A

Tunica adventitia (externa), tunica media, and tunica interna (intima).

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7
Q

Do capillaries have the normal 3-layered walls that other blood vessels have?

A

No tunica media or tunica externa; it’s an endothelial tube inside a thin basal lamina

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8
Q

What are the three types of capillaries?

A

Continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoidal

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9
Q

Tell me about the structure and functions of continuous capillaries.

A

Have a complete endothelial lining; located in all tissues except epithelia and cartilage; permit diffusion of water, small solutes, and lipied-soluble materials. Block blood cells and plasma proteins.

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10
Q

Tell me about the structure and function of fenestrated capillaries.

A

Contains pores; located along the endocrine organs, kidneys, and intestinal tract; permit rapid exchange of water and larger solutes.

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11
Q

Tell me about the structure and function of sinusoidal capillaries.

A

Have gaps between endothelial cells; located in liver, spleen, bone marrow, and endocrine organs; permit free exchange of water and large plasma proteins.

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12
Q

What is an arteriovenous anastomoses (shunt)?

A

Direct connection between arterioles and venules; bypasses the capillary bed.

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13
Q

What is a capillary sphincter?

A

Guards entrance to each capillary; opens and closes, causing capillary blood to flow in pulses

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14
Q

What is vasomotion?

A

The contraction and relaxation cycle of capillary sphincters; causes blood flow in capillary beds to constantly change routes.

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15
Q

In a single heartbeat, which pumps first, the atria or the ventricles?

A

The atria

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16
Q

What are the two types of cardiac muscle cells?

A

The ones in the conducting system (control and coordinate heartbeat) and the contractile cells.

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17
Q

What is the conducting system?

A

A system of specialized cardiac muscle cells that initiate and distribute electrical impulses that stimulate contraction.

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18
Q

What are the parts of the conducting system?

A

The sinoatrial (SA) node, the atrioventricular (AV) node, and the conducting cells.

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19
Q

Where is the SA node?

A

In the wall of the right atrium

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20
Q

Where is the AV node?

A

The junction between the atria and the ventricles.

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21
Q

What are conducting cells and what structures are they organized into?

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A

They interconnect the SA and AV nodes and distribute the contractile stimulus throughout the myocardium; AV (His) bundle, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers

22
Q

What is prepotential (aka pacemaker potential)?

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A

Resting potential of conducting cells

23
Q

What part of the heart depolarizes first and establishes the heart rate?

24
Q

What do pacemaker cells do?

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A

They rhythmically depolarize and initiate an action potential, creating a stable heart rate.

25
How long does it take for an impulse to pass through the AV node and into the AV bundle?
100 msec
26
What do Purkinje fibers do?
Distribute a contractile stimulus to the contractile cells in the ventricles
27
What happens in the rapid depolarization step of an action potential in a contractile cell?
Voltage-gated sodium channels open
28
What happens in the plateau step of an action potential in a contractile cell?
Voltage-regulated calcium channels open
29
What happens in the repolarization step of an action potential in a contractile cell?
Potassium channels open
30
Is the refractory period in contractile cells relatively long or short? What is the purpose of this?
Long, so no tetanic contractions.
31
What is an ECG?
An electrocardiogram is a recording of electrical events in the heart obtained by electrodes at specific body locations
32
What are the five letters that denote parts of an ECG?
P wave: little bump where atria depolarize QRS complex: ventricles depolarize T wave: little bump where ventricles repolarize
33
What is systole and what is diastole?
Systole is contraction and diastole is relaxation
34
What are the 6 steps in the cardiac cycle?
Atrial systole: atrial contraction begins; right and left AV valves are open; atria eject blood into ventricles Atrial systole ends; ventricles contain maximum volume and atrial diastole begins Ventricular systole: pressure in ventricles has risen (isovolumetric ventricular contraction), causing the AV valves to shut Ventricular ejection: SL valves open; blood flows into pulmonary and aortic trunks Ventricular diastole: SL valves close; ventricular pressure is higher than atrial pressure; all valves are closed Atrial pressure is higher than ventricular pressure: AV valves open, passive atrial and ventricular filling; cardiac cycle starts again
35
What is isovolumetric ventricular contraction?
When the pressure in the ventricles increases but the volume doesn't
36
What happens if the right AV valve has a valvular insufficiency?
Aka tricuspid regurgitation; fatigue, arrhythmia, pulsing in the neck (jugular groove), shortness of breath with activity, swelling in the belly, legs, or neck veins
37
What happens if the left AV valve has a valvular insuffiency?
Aka mitral regurgitation; arrhythmias, shortness of breath especially when in decubit (dorsal, lateral, or sternal); swollen manus and pes
38
What is end-diastolic volume (EDV)?
The amount of blood in each ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole
39
What is end-systolic volume (ESV)?
The amount of blood remaining in each ventricle at the end of ventricular systole
40
What is the stroke volume?
The amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle during a single beat
41
What is the ejection fraction?
The percentage of the EDV represented by the SV (60% at rest)
42
What is cardiac output?
The amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute CO - SV x HR
43
What is circulatory pressure?
The pressure difference between the base of the ascending aorta and the entrance to the right atrium Three components: blood (arterial) pressure, capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP), and venous pressure
44
What is arterial blood pressure?
The difference (pulse pressure) between the peak blood pressure during ventricular systole and the minimum blood pressure during ventricular diastole
45
What is capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP)?
The pressure within capillary beds
46
What is venous pressure?
The pressure within the venous system
47
How do central neural mechanisms regulate the cardiovascular system?
They respond to changes in the arterial pressure or blood gas levels
47
What is autoregulation in the cardiovascular system?
Local factors change the pattern of blood flow within capillary beds in response to chemical changes in interstitial fluids
48
What are the 3 cardiovascular centers of the medulla oblongata and what do they do?
Cardioacceleratory center: controls sympathetic neurons and increases HR Cardioinhibitory center: controls parasympathetic neurons and slows HR Vasomotor centers: control the activity of sympathetic motor neurons, vasoconstriction of peripheral vessels in most tissues, and vasodilation in skeletal muscles and brain
49
What are the 3 special shunts in fetuses and what do they do?
Ductus venosus: allows oxygenated blood in the umbilical vein to bypass the liver Ductus arteriosus: allows oxygenated blood to bypass the baby's lungs and go straight to the body Foramen ovale: allows blood to go around the lungs

ASCI 2120 Exam 3 (4 decks)

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