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VTNE STUDY > Blood, Lymph, Immunity 💉 > Flashcards

Blood, Lymph, Immunity 💉 Flashcards

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1
Q

Whole blood that flows through the blood vessels that carry blood to and from the heart and lungs is known as

A

Peripheral blood

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2
Q

Plasma makes up a larger percentage of the blood sample in animals with small red blood cells. Some examples of these animals are…

A

Cats and goats

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3
Q

The protein in the red blood cells that gives them their red color and enables them to carry large amounts of oxygen is called

A

Hemoglobin

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4
Q

What is the main function of red blood cells?

A

Carry oxygen from the lungs to the cells and tissues of the body

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5
Q

Which white blood cells are known as granulocytes?

A

Eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils

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6
Q

Which white blood cells are known as agranulocytes?

A

Monocytes and lymphocytes

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7
Q

A general term for the production of all blood cells is…

A

Hematopoiesis

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8
Q

Where in the bone are most of the blood cells produced?

A

Red bone marrow

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9
Q

The liquid portion of blood is called

A

Plasma

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10
Q

As the cell matures, the nucleus becomes more condensed and smaller. What is the name of this?

A

Pyknotic

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11
Q

What are three normal hemoglobin types?

A

Embryonic hemoglobin (HbE), fetal hemoglobin (HbF), and adult hemoglobin (Hb)

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12
Q

Where is embryonic hemoglobin (HbE) found?

A

Found early in developing fetuses

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13
Q

When is fetal hemoglobin (HbF) present?

A

Present in fetal blood during mid to late gestation and up to a couple months after birth

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14
Q

When is adult hemoglobin (Hb) found?

A

Found in the red blood cells of all animals, beginning a couple of weeks to a couple of months after birth

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15
Q

What is the major function of hemoglobin?

A

To transport oxygen to the tissues

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16
Q

What are the two normal physiological states of hemoglobin?

A

Oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin

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17
Q

What is the difference between oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin?

A

Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin that is carrying oxygen

Deoxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin that has given up its oxygen

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18
Q

What does senescence mean?

A

The process of aging

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19
Q

What is the function of macrophages?

A

Removing aging red blood cells from circulation and break them down into components that can be recycled in the body or eliminated as waste material

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20
Q

Vaguely, what is haptoglobin?

A

A transport plasma protein

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21
Q

When haptoglobin is filled with in conjugated hemoglobin, excess unconjugated hemoglobin appears in the plasma. What is this called?

A

Hemoglobinemia

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22
Q

Unconjugated hemoglobin has no way to get to the liver so it is carried to the kidney where is is eliminated in the urine. What is this called?

A

Hemoglobinuria

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23
Q

Intravascular hemolysis results in what three colors of plasma?

A

Results in pink, red, or brown plasma

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24
Q

A pathological condition that results in a decreased oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is known as…

A

Anemia

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25
Anemia can be caused by what two things?
A low number of circulating mature RBC caused by blood loss, blood destruction, or decreased RBC production OR not enough hemoglobin being produced for the normal number of RBCs present
26
An increase above normal in the number of RBC is known as...
Polycythemia
27
What are the three types of polycythemia?
Relative, compensatory, and polycythemia rubra Vera
28
Relative polycythemia is seen when...
Seen when there is a loss of fluid from blood Commonly seen in animals that are dehydrated because of vomiting, diarrhea, profuse sweating, or not drinking enough water
29
Compensatory polycythemia is a result of what?
Hypoxia
30
Why would a patient with CHF (congestive heart failure) become polycythemic?
Because the heart isn't pumping enough blood to the tissues so a hypoxic condition results
31
What is polycythemia rubra vera?
A rare bone marrow disorder characterized by increased production of RBCs for an unknown reason
32
What is another name for platelets?
Thrombocytes
33
What is the definition of thrombopoiesis?
Production of platelets
34
The process by which blood is prevented from leaking out of damages blood vessels is know as...
Hemostasis
35
If platelets are not present in adequate numbers, large numbers of RBCs can migrate through the endothelial wall and produce small hemorrhages around the body. What are these hemorrhages called?
Petechiae
36
What are the five types of white blood cells?
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes
37
What WBC has antibody production and cellular immunity?
Lymphocytes
38
What does polymorphonuclear mean?
Multilobed, segmented nucleus
39
What does pleomorphic mean?
Varying shapes, nonsegmented nucleus
40
Which WBCs are granulocytes?
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
41
Which WBCs are agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes and monocytes
42
The general term for the formation of WBCs is...
Leukopoiesis
43
The presence of ______ is what causes the soluble fibrinogen to be converted to insoluble fibrin strands
Thrombin
44
The production of all granulocytes is called...
Granulopoiesis
45
Neutrophils granules contain chemicals called_______ which aid in killing microorganisms that have been engulfed by the neutrophil
Lysosomal enzymes
46
Neutrophils are also known as...
Polymorphonuclear cells, PMNs (Polymorphonuclear leukocytes), and segs
47
How long does in take to produce a mature neutrophil under normal conditions?
3-6 days
48
The neutrophil granules are organelles called...
Lysosomes
49
Neutrophils leave the blood vessel by squeezing between the cells of the endothelium. What is this process called?
Diapedesis
50
Neutrophils are attracted to a site of infection by chemotaxis. Explain this process.
Chemotaxis is a process by which neutrophils and other cells are attracted by inflammatory chemicals produced by the interaction between microorganisms and the tissues they are invading
51
Eosinophils make up what percentage of the total WBC count?
0%-5%
52
How long does it take for an eosinophil to form?
2-6 days
53
How do eosinophils stain differently in a dog, cat, horse, and cattle/sheep/pigs?
Dog: stain very lightly Cat: stain darker than dogs Horse: stain very intensely Cattle/sheep/pigs: stain pink to red
54
Increased numbers of eosinophils in peripheral blood is called what?
Eosinophilia
55
When can eosinophilia be seen?
It can be seen during allergic reactions and certain parasitic infections Increased release of nature eosins from storage pool in the bone marrow Migration of eosins from marginal pool to the circulating pool Increased production in the bone marrow Increased time spent in peripheral blood before entering the tissue
56
Decreased numbers of eosinophils in peripheral blood is called...
Eosinopenia
57
Basophils share some characteristics with tissue mast cells but what is the difference?
Basophils are not commonly seen in tissues, mast cells are larger than basophils and have more cytoplasmic granules that are not water soluble, mast cells have a round nucleus that doesn't segment
58
Monocytes make up how much of the circulating WBCs in all common domestic species?
5%-6%
59
What is the total monocyte development time?
24-36 hours
60
Collectively, the tissue macrophages and monocytes are known as the...
Mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS)
61
What are the three different types of lymphocytes?
T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and natural killers
62
T lymphocytes (T cells) are processed in the _______ before going to peripheral lymphoid tissues
Thymus
63
The pre-T cells in the thymus are the...
Thymocytes
64
What are T cells responsible for?
Responsible for cell mediated immunity and for activating B cells
65
Most of the lymphocytes in peripheral blood are...
T cells
66
What does the "b" mean in "B cells"
Bursa equivalent
67
What are B cells responsible for?
Antibody production
68
Which cell is preprogrammed to recognize a virus that will respond by eventually making antibodies against the virus?
B cells
69
When B cells recognize an antigen, they transform into _______ that release antibodies
Plasma cells
70
When the body produces antibodies, what kind of immunity is produced?
Humoral immunity
71
What is the function of plasma cells?
Produce, store, and release antibodies
72
Antibodies that have been produced, stored, and released by plasma cells are called...
Immunoglobins
73
Both T and B cells can become ______, which are clones of an original lymphocyte
Memory cells
74
The fluid carried by the lymphatic system is called...
Lymph
75
What does lymph contain?
Lymphocytes, nutrients (like proteins and fats), hormones, and other substances that enters tissue fluid along with plasma
76
An accumulation of fluid in the tissues is known as...
Edema
77
Lymph from the digestive system is called...
Chyle
78
After a meal, chyle contains microscopic particles of fat known as ________ that cause lymph to appear white or pale yellow and cloudy
Chylomicrons
79
What are the four primary functions of the lymphatic system?
Removal of excess tissue fluid, waste material transport, filtration of lymph, and protein transport
80
Where do lymphocytes reside in the lymph node?
The cortex
81
The medulla forms the skeleton of the lymph node and contains what?
Contains many tissue macrophages
82
What is different about pigs lymph nodes?
They have a reversed anatomy in that the lymph nodules are at the center of the node
83
What is the name of the lymphoid organ located in the caudal neck and cranial thoracic region on either side of the trachea?
Thymus
84
What is the organ that helps kick-start the normal development of the immune system?
Thymus
85
_________ is a general term for lymphoid tissue found in the lining of the intestines
Gut associated lymph tissue (GALT)
86
What is the function of the immune system?
To protect the animal from anything that could cause damage or disease
87
_______ immunity provides a rapid response to foreign invaders
Nonspecific immunity
88
Describe nonspecific immunity
Involves tissues, cells, and processes that protect an animal against anything it recognizes as "not self" or foreign. It is a generalized response and does not initiate a specific type of response against a specific antigen.
89
The first line of defense against foreign invaders involves the protective barrier of the skin and mucous membranes that prevent antigens from entering the body in nonspecific immunity. What does the second line of defense involve?
Inflammatory response, phagocytosis, natural killer cells, interferon, and complement
90
What is interferon?
A protein produced by a cell after it has been infected by a virus, interferon respond rapidly to inhibit further development and spread of the virus
91
What is the third line of defense against foreign invaders?
Specific immunity
92
What are the two types of specific immunity?
Cell mediated and humoral
93
What is cell mediated immunity?
The function of at cells that attach to antigenic sites on the surfaces of foreign cells
94
What are cytotoxic T cells (Tc) are also known as...
Killer cells or killer T cells
95
What is the function of cytotoxic T cells?
They attach to the antigenic cells and destroy them but are not damaged themselves
96
What is the function of helper T cells (Th)?
They help the immune response by secreting cytokines into surrounding tissues
97
What are the functions of suppressor T cells (Ts)?
Inhibit helper T cell and cytotoxic T cell function by negative feedback. They also prevent B cells from transforming into plasma cells.
98
Antibodies are also known as...
Immunoglobulins
99
What are the five types of immunoglobulins?
IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD
100
What is IgM?
The first antibody produced when an animal is initially exposed to an antigen
101
What is IgG?
Produced in larger amounts than IgM when an animal is exposed to an antigen after the initial exposure.
102
Which immunoglobulin is the most abundant?
IgG
103
What does IgA play an important part in?
Preventing diseases caused by antigens that may enter the body through mucosal surfaces like intestinal tract and lungs
104
What is IgE associated with?
Associated with an allergic response
105
The function of which immunoglobulin is unknown?
IgD
106
When a newborns immune system is fully functional, it can be vaccinated to develop an ________
Active immunity

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