Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histology > Blood & Nerves > Flashcards

Blood & Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Bone marrow:

where is the myelon series and what does it give rise to?

A
  • next to bone

- WBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Bone marrow:

where is the erythron series and what does it give rise to?

A
  • between bony trabeculae

- erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Bone marrow:

where are the megakaryocytes and what do they give rise to?

A
  • between bony trabeculae

- platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

describe erythropoiesis

A
  1. haemoglobin production increases in cytoplasm as cell matures
  2. loss of organelles and reduction in size
  3. haemoglobin concentration in cytoplasm increases (basophilic -> eosionophilic)
  4. loss of nucleus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is erythropoiesis mediated by?

A

erythropoeitin (produced in kidney)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is granulopoeisis?

A

maturation of WBCs (specifically granulocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what happens during granulopoeisis?

A
  • number of granules increases
  • complexity of shape of nucleus increases
  • large pool of stored mature neutrophils in bone marrow to be released into circulation during times of infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

where are erythrocytes produced and destroyed?

A

produced - liver (foetus) and bone marrow (adult)

destroyed - liver and spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

describe the structure of erythrocytes

A
  • no nucleus
  • biconcave discs
  • cytoplasm mainly contains haemoglobin
  • cell membrane has endoskeleton attached to spectrin (protien)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the difference between granulocytes and agranulocytes?

A

granulocytes contain visible granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the contents of granulocytes?

A

40-74% neutrophils
5% eosinophils
0.5% basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the content of agranulocytes?

A

20-50% lymphocytes

1-5% monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are platelets derived from?

A

megakaryocytes (bone marrow)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the function of platelets?

A

blood clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

describe the structure of platelets

A
  • cell membrane

- contain vesicles with coagulation factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the function of neutrophils?

A

primary phagocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how do neutrophils move?

A
  • circulate in blood

- invade through walls of blood vessels and into glycosaminoglycan matrix of tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

describe the structure of neutrophils

A
  • multi-lobed nucleus
  • granular cytoplasm
  • myeloperoxidase for respiratory burst (phagocytic)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what types of cytoplasmic granules do neutrophils contain?

A
  • primary
  • secondary
  • tertiary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the primary granules in neutrophils?

A

lysosomes (myeloperoxidase, acid hydrolases)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the secondary granules in neutrophils?

A

secrete substances that mobilise inflammatory mediators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the tertiary granules in neutrophils?

A
  • gelatinases (break down proteins)
  • adhesion molecules

aid neutrophil in passage out of blood vessels and through tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the function of eosinophils?

A
  • neutralise histamine (restrict inflammatory responses)
  • inhibit mast cell secretion
  • phagocytosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

describe the structure of eosinophils

A
  • bi-lobed nucleus

- distinctive large red cytoplasmic granules with crystalline inclusions in cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what type of receptors do eosinophils have?

A

IgE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

describe the electron-microscopic structure of eosinophils

A

lozenge-shaped granules with crystalline cores

Charcot-Leyden crystals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

where can Charcot-Leyden crystals be found?

A

eosinophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is the function of basophils?

A
  • release histamine (and other vaso-active agents) in response to allergens
  • prevent coagulation and agglutination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

describe the structure of basophils

A
  • bi-lobed nucleus

- prominent dark-blue staining cytoplasmic granules (histamine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what type of receptors do basophils have?

A

IgE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what are the subtypes of lymphocytes?

A
  • B cells

- T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is the function of B cells?

A
  • become plasma cells

- secrete antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

where do B cells develop?

A

bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is the function of T cells

A

cell-mediated immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

where do T cells develop?

A

thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is the function of T-helper cells?

A
  • help B-cells

- activate macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is the function of T-cytotoxic cells?

A

kill previously marked target cells

38
Q

what is the function of T-suppressor cells?

A

suppress TH cells -> suppresses immune response

39
Q

what is the function of natural killer cells?

A

mainly kill virus infected cells

40
Q

what are the types of T cell?

A
  • T-helper
  • T-cytotoxic
  • T-suppressor
  • natural killer
41
Q

Describe the structure of lymphocytes

A
  • appear to be almost all nucleus

- thin cytoplasm (few organelles)

42
Q

what is the function of monocytes?

A
  • differentiation

- phagocytic and defensive role

43
Q

what types of cell can monocytes differentiate into?

A
  • tissue macrophages
  • kupffer cells (liver)
  • osteoclasts (bone)
  • antigen presenting cells
  • alveolar macrophages (lung)
44
Q

describe the structure of monocytes

A
  • kidney bean shaped nucleus

- small cytoplasmic granules (mostly lysosomes)

45
Q

What are the layers of arteries (from inside -> out)?

A
  • lumen
  • endothelium
  • basement membrane
  • intima
  • internal elastic lamina
  • media
  • external elastic lamina
  • adventitia
46
Q

what type of endothelium is found in arteries?

A

squamous

47
Q

what is the intima?

A

thin layer of loose connective tissue

48
Q

what is the media?

A
  • thick connective tissue

- contains smooth muscle, some fibroblasts, variable amounts of collagen and elastin

49
Q

what is the adventitia?

A

loose connective tissue

50
Q

where are elastic arteries found?

A

near the heart

51
Q

what is the defining factor of elastic arteries?

A

media contains abundant concentric sheets of elastin

52
Q

where are muscular arteries found?

A

most arteries of the body

53
Q

what are the defining factors of muscular arteries?

A
  • media contains layers of smooth muscle and small amount of elastin
  • smooth muscle cells arranged circumferentially
54
Q

what are arterioles?

A

resistance vessels

55
Q

what are the defining factors of arterioles?

A
  • <4 muscle layers in media
  • poorly developed internal elastic lamina
  • normally lack external elastic lamina
56
Q

what do arterioles give rise to?

A

capillary network

57
Q

what are the layers of capillaries (from inside to out)?

A
  • lumen
  • endothelium
  • basement membrane

accompanied by pericye

58
Q

what are pericytes?

A

discontinuous layer on the outside of capillaries

- becomes continuous as capillaries grow

59
Q

what is the function of pericytes?

A

allow constriction and relaxation of capillaries (regulates their diameter)

60
Q

where can fenestrated capillaries be found?

A
  • kidney

- liver

61
Q

where do capillaries drain into?

A

venous system

62
Q

what are fenestrated capillaries?

A

incomplete vascular endothelial layer

63
Q

what is the function of fenestration in capillaries?

A

facilitates movement of materials out of circulation -> surrounding tissues

64
Q

what are the layers of veins (from inside -> out)?

A
  • lumen
  • intima
  • endothelium
  • basement membrane
  • internal elastic lamina
  • media
  • adventitia
65
Q

which blood vessels have an external elastic lamina?

A

arteries

66
Q

is the media thicker in arteries or veins?

A

arteries

67
Q

what are venules associated with?

A

arterioles

68
Q

describe the structure of venules

A
  • thin walls
  • valves

associated with pericytes

69
Q

as venules become veins, what are pericytes replaced by?

A

media (smooth muscle)

70
Q

what type of smooth muscle is found in vein walls?

A

circular or longitudinal

71
Q

describe the structure of lymphatics

A
  • thin walled
  • valves
  • lined with vascular endothelium, thin intima, media and adventitia
72
Q

what is the composition of lymphocytes?

A
  • no blood
  • eosinophilic lymph (fluid derived from blood plasma)
  • may contain lymphocytes
73
Q

where is the cell body of peripheral nerves normally found?

A

ganglion

74
Q

what are the connective tissue layers of myelinated peripheral nerves (inside -> out)?

A
  • endometrium
  • perineurium
  • epineurium
75
Q

where is the endoneurium found and what is its function?

A
  • between individual axons

- binds individual axons together

76
Q

where is the perineurium found and what is its function?

A
  • surrounds group of axons to form fascicles

- binds axons together to form nerve fibre

77
Q

where is the epineurium found and what is its function?

A
  • binds fascicles together to form nerve fibres
78
Q

what part of myelinated peripheral nerves can be seen with H&E and what colour?

A

myelin sheaths

- brown

79
Q

what are the types of peripheral nerves?

A
  • motor neurons
  • sensory neurons
  • sympathetic neurons
  • parasympathetic neurons
80
Q

where are the cell bodies of motor neurons located?

A

grey matter of spinal cord

81
Q

where are the cell bodies of sensory neurons found?

A

dorsal root ganglion

82
Q

where are the cell bodies of sympathetic neurons found?

A
  • grey matter of spinal cord

- adjacent sympathetic ganglia

83
Q

where are the cell bodies of parasympathetic neurons found?

A
  • brain

- local ganglia of organs

84
Q

what does the neuro-vascular bundle contain?

A
  • nerve
  • arteriole
  • venule
85
Q

what is the function of myelin?

A

insulates axons

86
Q

what is the composition of myelin?

A
  • spiral of Schwann cell membranes

Schwann cell envelopes and spirals around part of axon

87
Q

what are the Nodes of Ranvier?

A

gaps between Schwann cells?

88
Q

does myelin stain with H&E?

A

no

- use silver stain

89
Q

in a myelinated axon, how many axons are related to a single Schwann cell?

A

1

90
Q

in an unmyelinated axon, how many axons are associated with a single Schwann cell?

A

multiple

91
Q

where can a perinuclear huff be found?

A

plasma cell

Histology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions