Blood Part II

Question 1

Mechanism by which bacteria cause damage to our system

Answer 1

Release of enzymes or toxins

Question 2

Components of virus

Answer 2

Nucleic acids enclosed in a protein coat

Question 3

Mechanisms by which viruses cause damage to our system

Answer 3

Invading a host cell to take over biochemical facilities by: depleting essential cell components, making cells produce toxins, and transforming cell into cancer cell

Question 4

How does ebola cause damage/death

Answer 4

Immune response is a cytokin storm, which causes hemorrhage and a drop in BP

Question 5

Purpose of leukocytes (4)

Answer 5

Defend against invading pathogens, remove warn out cells, facilitating wound healing and repair, and identifying and destroying abnormal/mutant cells

Question 6

Purpose of innate immune system

Answer 6

Scanning for threats, and acts as first responder with a non-specific immune response

Question 7

Purpose of adaptive/acquired immune system

Answer 7

Selectively targets foreign material to which the body has been previously exposed

Question 8

Types of polymorphonuclear granulocytes

Answer 8

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basofils

Question 9

Structural characteristics of granular leukocytes

Answer 9

large granules, lobulated nucleus, polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Question 10

Types of agranular leukeocytes

Answer 10

Monocytes and lymphocytes

Question 11

Structural characteristics of agranular leukocytes

Answer 11

No granular cytoplasm, simple nucleus, monomorphonuclear leukocytes

Question 12

Leukocytes purpose

Answer 12

Phagocytosis, detoxifying, producing antibodies, releasing chemical messengers/enzymes/other

Question 13

How to leukocytes travel

Answer 13

Ameboid movements and diapedesis

Question 14

What is diapedesis

Answer 14

Passing through cell walls

Question 15

Leukocytes most important in innate immune system

Answer 15

Neutrophils and macrophages

Question 16

Mechanism of action of innate immune system

Answer 16

Receptors on phagocytic cells read protein keys and bind with bacterial markers, triggering the phagocytes to engulf and destroy bacteria, and then release signal for further response

Question 17

Mechanism of attraction of neutrofils

Answer 17

Chemotaxins bind with receptors on neutrophils, causing influx of [Ca2+], switching on cellular contractile apparatus, causing amoeba-like crawling of the neutrophils up the chemotaxin gradient

Question 18

Define pyogenic bacteria

Answer 18

Puss forming

Question 19

First line of defence against pyogenic bacteria

Answer 19

Neutrophils

Question 20

What forms puss at site of pyogenic bacterial invasion

Answer 20

Dead neutrophils form puss

Question 21

Cause of localized pain and swelling at site of bacterial infection

Answer 21

Dying neutrophils release digestive enzymes that damage local tissue and contribute to localized pain and swelling

Question 22

Primary function of eosinophils

Answer 22

Detoxification of foreign proteins and other substances

Question 23

How are eosinophils attracted to traumatized tissues?

Answer 23

Presence of antibodies specific to foreign proteins

Question 24

Purpose of basophils

Answer 24

Release of histamines and heparin in a area of tissue damage, to increase blood flow, decrease clotting and attract neutrophils

Question 25

Location of most basophils

Answer 25

Found in greater numbers outside of the blood

Question 26

Location of most eosinophils

Answer 26

Connective tissue other than blood (ie. lungs, mammary glands, urinary, reproductive) especially locations with epithelium exposed to the outside world

Question 27

Monocytes purpose

Answer 27

Develop into macrophages to engulf foreign materials, similar to neutrophils, but are attached to local tissue and not mobile

Question 28

Cells responsible for antibody-mediated immunity

Answer 28

B lymphocytes

Question 29

Cells responsible for cell-mediated immunity

Answer 29

T lymphocytes

Question 30

Stages of antibody-mediated immune response

Answer 30

1. encounter and recognize antigen (innate) 2. lymphocyte activation 3. attack launched by activated lymphocytes

Question 31

Definition of antigen

Answer 31

A foreign body that can initiate an immune response

Question 32

Purpose of t-lymphocytes

Answer 32

Attacking antigens, releasing cytokines that attract granulocytes and stimulate B-lymphocytes

Question 33

Why are T cells special?

Answer 33

Defend against invaders that hide inside cells where antibodies/other leukocytes can't reach, and are activated only by cells with both foreign antigens and self antigens

Question 34

Two types of t cells

Answer 34

cytotoxic and helper

Question 35

Purpose of cytotoxic t-cells

Answer 35

Attacking cells, secreting chemicals, and directed against body cells that have become cancerous or infected with virus

Question 36

Purpose of helper t-cells

Answer 36

Facilitate the activation and function of both B cells and cytotoxic t-cells

Question 37

Memory cells

Answer 37

B-lymphocytes that become specialized to recognize antigen

Question 38

Which cells produce antibodies?

Answer 38

B-lymphocytes

Question 39

Define passive immunity

Answer 39

Short-term immunity caused y injection of relevant antibodies

Question 40

Hypersensitivity allergic reactions cause

Answer 40

Individuals who produce more IgE in response to allergens

Question 41

Mechanism of action of anaphylactic shock

Answer 41

Widespread degranulation of mast cells triggers an abrupt dilation of peripheral blood vessels, causing drop in TPR and MAP so no blood moves around

Question 42

Causes of systemic lupus

Answer 42

Immune system generates antibodies against self molecules, caused by hyperactivity of T and B cells, and a decreased neg. regulation of the immune response

Question 43

Mechanism of action of HIV

Answer 43

Invades helper T cells via CD4 receptor with gp120 co-receptor, which means that neither B or cytotoxic t cells can function normally

Question 44

How does HIV become integrated into chromosomes?

Answer 44

HIV nucleic core is RNA, which is transcribed into DNA via reverse transcriptase

Question 45

Mechanism of clot formation

Answer 45

After injury platelets release chemicals that stimulate blood vessel contraction, platelets clump together at injury site, participate in formation of coagulation factors, and release platelet-derived growth factor

Question 46

Purpose of fibrinogen

Answer 46

Producing fibrin, an insoluble protein, to make the foundation of a blood clot

Question 47

Purpose of albumin

Answer 47

Accounts for 80% of plasma osmotic pressure, and binds to substances in plasma to play important role in plasma transport

Question 48

Purpose of alpha-1 globulins

Answer 48

Lipid transport, membrane construction, hormone formation

Question 49

Purpose of alpha-2 globulins

Answer 49

Erythrocyte production, coagulation, Bp regulation

Question 50

Purpose of beta globulins

Answer 50

Low density lipoprotein that carries cholesterol and fat

Question 51

Purpose of gamma globulins

Answer 51

Immunoglobulins