Organelles and Structures

Question 1

Two layers of phospholipids

Answer 1

Hydrophobic tails, hydrophilic heads

Question 2

Sphingolipid makeup:

Answer 2

Fatty acid tails that are slightly longer than phospholipids, with a phosopholipid or glycolipid head

Question 3

Three components of membrane:

Answer 3

Phospholipids, sphingolipids, and cholesterol

Question 4

Net effect of cholesterol on membrane

Answer 4

Increases fluidity and decreased permeability to water

Question 5

Membrane proteins that are usually cytosolic and easily dissociated from membrane

Answer 5

Peripheral membrane protein

Question 6

Sphingolipid anchored peripheral proteins form ______

Answer 6

Lipid rafts

Question 7

Membrane proteins that are ambipathic and lodged in the membrane

Answer 7

Integral membrane proteins

Question 8

Transmembrane integral membrane proteins include:

Answer 8

Channels and carrier proteins

Question 9

One sided integral membrane proteins include:

Answer 9

Enzymes and receptors

Question 10

Two types of membrane carbohydrates

Answer 10

Glycoproteins and glycolipids

Question 11

Location and binding mechanism of membrane carbohydrates

Answer 11

Covalently bonded to lipids or proteins on the extracellular surface

Question 12

Two functions of membrane carbohydrates

Answer 12

Glycocalyx and cell recognition

Question 13

Function of glycocalyx

Answer 13

Protection and cell adhesion

Question 14

What is the glycocalyx

Answer 14

Glycoprotein that covers some cell membranes

Question 15

Functions of cytosol (4)

Answer 15

1. location of specific chemical reactions
2. storage of fat, carbohydrates
3. storage of secretory vesicles
4. ionic composition (nerve and muscle cells)

Question 16

Protein factories of the cell

Answer 16

Ribosomes

Question 17

Proteins formed by _______ ribosomes are released into the cell

Answer 17

free

Question 18

Proteins formed by ______ are transported to the golgi and then secreted or distributed to other organelles

Answer 18

rough ER ribosomes

Question 19

Function of rough ER

Answer 19

synthesis of proteins and lipids to be packaged into vesicles

Question 20

Function of smooth ER

Answer 20

Lipids synthesis and formation of transport vesicles

Question 21

Main function of sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 21

Storage of calcium in muscle cells

Question 22

Functions of golgi (2)

Answer 22

1. Modification of the macromolecules made by the ER

2. Packaging of macromolecules into vesicles for transport to cell surface or the cytosol

Question 23

Function of mitocondria

Answer 23

Production of ATP via aerobic metabolism/cellular respiration

Question 24

Inner membrane of mitochondria form the

Answer 24

cristae

Question 25

The enzymes of Krebs cycle are found in the ____

Answer 25

Mitochondrial matrix

Question 26

The electron transport chain is found on _______

Answer 26

Cristae of inner membrane of mitochondria

Question 27

Kearns-Sayre syndrom results from _________

Answer 27

Deletions in mitochrondrial DNA

Question 28

_______ are barrel-shaped organelles that were recently discovered and are implicated in multi-drug resistance to chemotherapy

Answer 28

Vaults

Question 29

Six functions of the cytoskeleton

Answer 29

1. mechanical support and structure 2. intracellular transport of materials 3. suspension of organelles 4. formation of adhesions with other cells 5. contraction 6. movement

Question 30

Three types of motor proteins

Answer 30

Myosins, kinesins, dyenins

Question 31

Function of myosins

Answer 31

Binds to actin for muscle contraction

Question 32

Function of kinesins

Answer 32

Movement of vesicles

Question 33

Function of dyenins

Answer 33

Movement of vesicles; whiplike motion of cilia and flagella

Question 34

Common type of microfilament

Answer 34

Actin

Question 35

Four functions of microfilaments

Answer 35

1. muscle contraction 2. ameobid-like movements 3. separation of cytoplasm during cell division 4. structural support for cell projections like microvilli

Question 36

Myosin, neurofilaments, and keratin are common types of ________

Answer 36

Intermediate filaments

Question 37

ALS results in....

Answer 37

The progressive degeneration and death of motor neurons

Question 38

Recent theory of ALS

Answer 38

Abnormal accumulation and disorganization of neurofilaments

Question 39

Three functions of microtubules

Answer 39

1. mitotic spindle fibres 2. transport of secretory vesicles 3. major component of cilia and flagella

Question 40

Microtubules have a _______ structure

Answer 40

Dynamic

Question 41

_______ provide a highway for vesicular transport along the axon

Answer 41

Microtubules

Question 42

Function of reverse vesicular traffic

Answer 42

Moving debris from the axon back to cell body for destruction by lysosomes

Question 43

Function of lysosomes

Answer 43

Breaking down molecules

Question 44

Tay Sachs disease is caused by a genetic mutation of ______ gene

Answer 44

HEXA

Question 45

Tay Sachs results _____

Answer 45

Inability to make an enzyme that breaks down GM2 ganglioside

Question 46

Accumulation of gangliosides in neurons leads to

Answer 46

premature neuron death

Question 47

Function of peroxisomes

Answer 47

Location of oxidative reactions; detoxifying molecules