Blood Plasma and Formed Elements

Question 1

Blood is a _______ _______ made of a liquid portion and _______ ______.

Answer 1

Blood is a connective tissue made of a liquid portion and formed elements.

Question 2

What is the major extracelluar fluid in the body?

Answer 2

Blood.

Question 3

The color of the whole blood is bright red if it is _______ ______.

Answer 3

Arterial (Oxygenated)

Question 4

What is viscosity of blood?

Answer 4

Its resistance to flow. Blood is thick and sticky.

Question 5

Its viscosity is _-_ _____ that of _____ due to mainly the cells and partly to proteins in the plasma.

Answer 5

3-4 Times, Water

Question 6

Why is blood viscosity 3-4 times that of water?

Answer 6

Proteins in plasma.

Question 7

What is specific gravity of blood?

Answer 7

1.060 (I ml of blood weighs 1.060 grams).

Question 8

Blood pH is?

Answer 8

7.4

Question 9

Venous blood is more ____ at pH of ______.

Answer 9

Acidic, 7.36

Question 10

Venous blood is more acidic than arterial blood due to what?

Answer 10

Higher CO2 concentration.

Question 11

A slight decrease or increase in ____ reflects a large increase or decrease in ______ _____ concentration [H+]

Answer 11

pH, Hydrogen Ion

Question 12

If pH is 7.1, _____ is double than normal.

Answer 12

[H+]

Question 13

What is blood volume?

Answer 13

Generally 8% of the body weight.

Question 14

Where does blood transports hormones from and to?

Answer 14

from endocrine glands to target tissues (chemical communication)

Question 15

Blood transports ___ from the lungs to the tissues and _____ from the tissues to the lungs

Answer 15

O2, CO2

Question 16

Blood returns wastes ( e.g. Urea, CO2 ) and unwanted substances to the _______ for what?

Answer 16

Kidneys, to be excreted.

Question 17

Blood maintains uniformity of internal environment, this is called what?

Answer 17

Homeostasis

Question 18

What are the three ways blood maintains homeostasis?

Answer 18

Temperature Regulation, Maintenance of osmotic pressure, and by means of buffers in the blood.

Question 19

How does blood maintain homeostasis by temperature?

Answer 19

transport of heat from the body core to the limbs and skin where heat exchange can take place. Blood flow through the skin is critical for heat exchange.

Question 20

How does blood maintain homeostasis by osmotic pressure?

Answer 20

Maintenance of water and salt balance and osmotic pressure

Question 21

How does blood maintain homeostasis by buffers in blood?

Answer 21

By means of buffers in the blood, acid-base balance is maintained.

Question 22

What is Immunity and protection?

Answer 22

Blood transports white blood cells to injury sites where they combat insults by invading microorganisms and their toxins.

Question 23

Blood transports what to injury sites?

Answer 23

antibodies to target areas.

Question 24

What is hemostasis?

Answer 24

Prevention of blood loss.

Question 25

What occurs in hemostasis?

Answer 25

Platelets, Ca+2 and proteins participate in cascade of events that lead hemostasis

Question 26

What are formed elements that constitute blood?

Answer 26

Red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), and platelets (thrombocytes) suspended in a complex fluid intercelluar matrix (plasma).

Question 27

What constitutes plasma?

Answer 27

dissolved gases, proteins, Organic constituents and Inorganic constituents

Question 28

Circulating blood volume accounts for about what percent of body weight?

Answer 28

8%

Question 29

What are some examples of dissolved gasses in plasma?

Answer 29

O2, N2, CO2

Question 30

What are some examples of proteins in plasma?

Answer 30

Albumin, Globulins, and Fibrinogen.

Question 31

What does hematocrit tell you?

Answer 31

what percent of blood is cells and what percent is plasma.

Question 32

Typically, Cells are \_\_\_\_\_% blood and plasma is \_\_\_\_\_% of the blood.

Answer 32

40, 60

Question 33

The PCV is the percent of blood that is red blood cells. Normal ?

Answer 33

40

Question 34

polycythemia has a PCV of what?

Answer 34

60%

Question 35

Hematocrit is higher in males than females. Why?

Answer 35

Large size, metabolic demands.

Question 36

CBC includes determination of what?

Answer 36

PCV, WBCs count, RBCs count, and a differential WBCs count.

Question 37

What other assessment can be made while doing CBC?

Answer 37

Number of platelets, morphology of RBCs.

Question 38

Automatic blood counters are used to count what? What must be added?

Answer 38

RBCs, WBCs, platelets, and determine Hb. Anticoagulant must be added.

Question 39

Plasma is what percent of blood? (100-PCV, ________ coat occupies an insignificant volume).

Answer 39

60%, Buffy.

Question 40

How is plasma obtained?

Answer 40

collecting blood in syringe containing a small amount of an anticoagulant .

Question 41

What are some examples of anticoagulants?

Answer 41

Heparin, sodium citrate, or EDTA.

Question 42

Heparin inhibits what?

Answer 42

inhibits enzymes of coagulation

Question 43

Sodium citrate and EDTA bind to ?

Answer 43

Ca+2 and thus prevents coagulation.

Question 44

What is Serum?

Answer 44

plasma minus the clotting proteins.

Question 45

How is serum obtained?

Answer 45

collecting blood without the addition of an anticoagulant

Question 46

What percent of water is in plasma?

Answer 46

90%

Question 47

What are Albumins used for and what % of them are in plasma?

Answer 47

nutrition reserve, COP, pH and transport of hormones, ~59%

Question 48

What are globulins responsible for?

Answer 48

COP, Immunity, carrier of hormones, transferrin

Question 49

What are Fibrinogens?

Answer 49

coagulation factors (glycoprotein)

Question 50

Where are most plasma proteins formed?

Answer 50

in the Liver.

Question 51

Where are gamma globulins formed? Where are they used?

Answer 51

formed in lymphoreticular system and plasma cells, immunity.

Question 52

An increase in total serum protein is caused by?

Answer 52

Dehydration.

Question 53

A decrease in total serum protein accompanies?

Answer 53

starvation, liver disease or kidney disease.

Question 54

A decrease in albumin is associated with what?

Answer 54

kidney or liver disease.

Question 55

Increased globulins is associated with what?

Answer 55

Chronic infections.

Question 56

Loss in plasma proteins would result in? A) Dehydration B) edema C) water balance D) Hematuria

Answer 56

B) edema

Question 57

Answer the following question: The Plasma protein most concerned with COP is globulin A) true B) false

Answer 57

False, Albumin.

Question 58

What is Spectrophotometer used for?

Answer 58

Blood Chemistry

Question 59

What is a screening panel for kidney function?

Answer 59

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) test.

Question 60

What is a screening panel for liver?

Answer 60

serum, bilirubin, and enzymes.

Question 61

What is a screening panel for pancreas?

Answer 61

serum amylase, serum lipase, and glucose .

Question 62

What are erythrocytes?

Answer 62

red blood cell (RBCs) or corpuscles.

Question 63

What do RBCs do?

Answer 63

Transport of O2 from the lungs to the tissues and CO2 from the tissues to the lungs.

Question 64

What are leukocytes?

Answer 64

WBC

Question 65

What do WBCs do?

Answer 65

Protection of body against foreign insult.

Question 66

What are thrombocytes?

Answer 66

Platelets

Question 67

What do platelets do?

Answer 67

Blood coagulation (Hemostasis)

Question 68

Hemostasis is the role of which blood element?

Answer 68

platelets.

Question 69

What is the major function of RBC?

Answer 69

transport of O2 from the lungs to the tissues and CO2 to the lungs.

Question 70

Hb binds to what?

Answer 70

O2 , CO2, and H+

Question 71

Where are RBCs made after birth?

Answer 71

bone marrow.

Question 72

Where are RBCs made before birth?

Answer 72

in liver, spleen and bone marrow.

Question 73

What is erythropoiesis?

Answer 73

Production of RBCs

Question 74

Kidney erythropoieitin stimulates their production in response to what?

Answer 74

low O2 in the tissues.

Question 75

RBCs make up what percent of blood cells?

Answer 75

99%

Question 76

O2 is transported loosely attached to what?

Answer 76

Hb of RBCs

Question 77

What is it called when O2 is transported loosely attached to Hb of RBCs?

Answer 77

oxyhemoglobin

Question 78

Iron of the heme is in its _________ form.

Answer 78

Ferrous

Question 79

70% of the CO2 is transported as _________ in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 79

bicarbonate in the plasma.

Question 80

What also assists in CO2 transport?

Answer 80

Hb

Question 81

What are the shapes of RBCs?

Answer 81

Biconcave discs with large surface area for exchange of gases.

Question 82

RBCs are what in mammals and what in avian species?

Answer 82

non-nucleated in mammals and nucleated in avian species.

Question 83

What are RBC's missing?

Answer 83

Absence of nuclei, mitochondria, and ER.

Question 84

What does RBC have for metabolism?

Answer 84

enzymes for anaerobic metabolisms.

Question 85

WBC provide ________ to infection that enters the circulatory system

Answer 85

resistance

Question 86

What and who provide cellular action in WBCs?

Answer 86

phagocytosis, function of neutrophils and monocytes

Question 87

Who functions as antibodies and cell mediated immunity?

Answer 87

Lymphocytes

Question 88

What is Leukocytosis?

Answer 88

many WBCs

Question 89

What is Leukopenia?

Answer 89

few WBSs

Question 90

What are Agranulocytes?

Answer 90

No granules in cytoplasm.

Question 91

What two WBCs are agranulocytes?

Answer 91

lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 92

Lymphocytes don't have what kind of function?

Answer 92

No phagocytic.

Question 93

What is B-lymphocytes life span?

Answer 93

Few days

Question 94

Life span of T-lymphocytes?

Answer 94

Several Years.

Question 95

Where are lymphocytes produced?

Answer 95

lymphatic tissue, “e.g.”, lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow.

Question 96

Lymphocytes are involved in what type of production?

Answer 96

Antibody

Question 97

What percent of WBC are monocytes?

Answer 97

5%

Question 98

What are monocytes characteristics?

Answer 98

Irregular nucleus. Formed in bone marrow

Question 99

Once the monocytes leave the circulatory system what happens?

Answer 99

they can swell and form macrophages.

Question 100

What do macrophages do?

Answer 100

engulf tissue debris, bacteria and viruses.

Question 101

Monocytes also participate in ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 101

immune responses

Question 102

Megakaryocyte

Answer 102

Multinucleated – Platelets (no Nucleus)

Question 103

Platelets are fragments of ?

Answer 103

Megakaryocytes

Question 104

Megakaryocytes prevent what?

Answer 104

blood loss from severed vessel

Question 105

Neutrophilsnuclei have 2,3 or more lobes and are called?

Answer 105

polymorphonuclear leukocytes or simply, polys.

Question 106

Eosinophils contain what in appearance?

Answer 106

cytoplasmic granules that are large, numerous, and stain reddish-orange with acid dyes such as eosin

Question 107

Eosinophils do what?

Answer 107

detoxify proteins.

Question 108

When do you see an increase of Eosinophils?

Answer 108

during parasitic infections and allergic reaction

Question 109

Eosinophils are reduced (eosinopenia) following what?

Answer 109

stress or high levels of cortisol.

Question 110

What are basophils appearance?

Answer 110

have relatively large, but sparse, cytoplasmic granules that stain a dark purple with basic dyes

Question 111

Are basophils rare?

Answer 111

least numerous of the WBCs about 0.5% to 1% of the total leukocyte count.

Question 112

cytoplasmic granules of basophils contain what?

Answer 112

Histamine and Heparin

Question 113

What is histamine?

Answer 113

inflammatory chemical

Question 114

What is heparin?

Answer 114

anticoagulant

Question 115

What are similar to basophils?

Answer 115

Mast Cells