RBC and Anemia

Question 1

What are anemias?

Answer 1

Diseases associated with decreased RBC or hemoglobin/100 ml of blood

Question 2

What do anemias result in?

Answer 2

Result in decreased O2 delivery (fatigue and can lead to death).

Question 3

What are Normal: RBC: 5x106/l, Hb: 15g/dl

Answer 3

5x10^6/uL, Hb: 15g/dL

Question 4

How are anemias classified?

Answer 4

on etiology (cause) or morphology (size and Hb content).

Question 5

What are ways red blood cells are evaluated?

Answer 5

using HCT, RBCs count, Hb concentrations, Mean Cell volume (MCV), and Mean Cell Hb Concentration (MCHC)

Question 6

What is Hemorrhagic

Answer 6

blood loss and parasitism

Question 7

What are examples of etiology of Anemia?

Answer 7

Hemorhagic, Aplastic Anemia, Nutritional, Hemolytic Anemia.

Question 8

What is aplastic anemia?

Answer 8

failure of the bone marrow to produce RBCs.

Question 9

What may cause aplastic anemia?

Answer 9

(Radiation, severe toxemia, cancer of the bone marrow)

Question 10

What causes anemia via nutritional factors?

Answer 10

lack of Vitamin B12, Fe, Cu or any dietary factors

Question 11

What factor is Pernicious anemia (megaloblastic anemia) caused by?

Answer 11

Nutritional

Question 12

What is Pernicious anemia (megaloblastic anemia)?

Answer 12

Absence of secretion by the stomach of the intrinsic factor, or deficiency of B12

Question 13

Efficient absorption of dietary Vitamin B12 requires?

Answer 13

an interaction with , the intrinsic factor, a glycoprotein

Question 14

The complex attaches to _____ ______ _______ and B12 is transferred into the circulation.

Answer 14

the intestinal wall (ileum)

Question 15

Why is Vitamin B12 is important ?

Answer 15

for Hb synthesis and cell maturation

Question 16

_______ ____ is necessary for DNA synthesis.

Answer 16

Vitamin B12

Question 17

Without B12 the cell continues to produce RNA and cellular substance, but not?

Answer 17

DNA.

Question 18

Dietary deficiencies of Fe and folic deficiency and Cu deficiency (needed for enzyme activity) also may cause ________.

Answer 18

anemia

Question 19

What is Immunogenic Hemolytic anemia?

Answer 19

blood transfusions, Toxins, e.g., snake venom

Question 20

What is Hereditary hemolytic anemia?

Answer 20

Sickle Cell Anemia, a chronic hemolytic disease

Question 21

What causes Sickle Cell in the DNA level?

Answer 21

Valine is substituted for glutamic acid in the beta chain for hemoglobin.

Question 22

In Sickle Cell, when RBC loses their O2?

Answer 22

the cells assume a sickle cell shape, stick together and hemolysis occurs

Question 23

What is Erythroblastosis fetalis ?

Answer 23

or simply hemolytic disease of the newborn.

Question 24

When does Erythroblastosis fetalis occur?

Answer 24

Rh+ child; Rh- mother. Mother produces antibodies against fetal RBCs causing agglutination and lysis of fetal RBCs

Question 25

What is Thalassemia (alpha or beta)?

Answer 25

Impairments of the formation of alpha or beta chains of hemoglobin.

Question 26

In Thalassemia cells are produced with little what and what happens to their structure?

Answer 26

with little hemoglobin. They are small and fragile

Question 27

What do laboratory tests for anemia look for?

Answer 27

Reduction in cell mass means the patient is anemic.

Question 28

What does high plasma protein mean?

Answer 28

dehydration, anemia may be even severe.

Question 29

If the anemia is there, a question needs to be asked..Is bone marrow responsive? if so what increases?

Answer 29

If it is responsive (reticulocyte count increases), anemia is regenerative.

Question 30

What occurs in In regenerative anemia?

Answer 30

the bone marrow responds by producing and releasing into the circulation of immature RBCs.

Question 31

What are reticulocytes?

Answer 31

immature RBCs.

Question 32

_________ ________ is more regenerative than blood loss

Answer 32

Hemolytic anemia

Question 33

What can be useful markers for some red blood cells hemolysis?

Answer 33

Morphological abnormalities

Question 34

When are Spherocytes seen?

Answer 34

in immune mediated hemolytic anemia.

Question 35

In immune mediated hemolytic anemia where as Heinz bodies represent what?

Answer 35

denaturation and oxidation of the Hb in dogs.

Question 36

What does Hemogram count?

Answer 36

RBC count, PCV, MCV, MCHC

Question 37

What is evaluated in Evaluation of RBC morphology ?

Answer 37

macrocytic, microcytic, shape, fragility.

Question 38

In hypochromic anemia, reduction in weight of?

Answer 38

Hb in the average corpuscle is even greater than the decrease in average cell size. MCHC is abnormal (

Question 39

What is Normocytic, normochromic anemia?

Answer 39

Decreased number of RBC. Acute hemorrhage.

Question 40

Microcytic, hypochromic anemia are what type of anemia?

Answer 40

iron deficiency anemia.

Question 41

chronic hemorrhage can cause anemia due to what?

Answer 41

parasites.

Question 42

Macrocytic, normochromic anemia are used to clarify what type of anemia?

Answer 42

pernicious anemia.

Question 43

When does Physiologic polycythemia occur?

Answer 43

High altitude.

Question 44

Polycythemia vera occurs when?

Answer 44

a tumorous condition of the organs that produce RBC (HCT=75%) Normal Arterial O2.

Question 45

What are the effects of polycythemia?

Answer 45

increased viscosity, increased circulation time (2minutes instead of 1 minute, decrease flow rate (sluggish), and increase work on heart)

Question 46

Spherocytes: Macrophages partially remove antibody coated RBCs memebrane and are present where?

Answer 46

animals with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia.

Question 47

What causes Morphological abnormalities: Heinz bodies?

Answer 47

Due to oxidation and denaturation of Hb