blood pressure and Hemodynamics

Question 1

What blood vessel makes direct contact with tissues

Answer 1

Capillaries

Question 2

What is the lumen

Answer 2

The hollow space inside a vessel

Question 3

What are the three layers of the blood vessel walls

Answer 3

tunica externa
tunica media
tunica intima

Question 4

How many layers is the tunica intima

Answer 4

1 layer

Question 5

Where are the capillaries found

Answer 5

The endothelial tissue only , in the “basement membrane” (outer covering)

Question 6

What layer is the tunica externa and what is it made of

Answer 6

It is the outermost layer and is mostly made of loose collagen fibers that provide both strength and flexibility while anchoring the vessel

Question 7

What is the tunica media mostly made of and for what purpose

Answer 7

It is mostly made of elastin and smooth muscle fibers
This allows for vasoconstriction and dilation

Question 8

What is the function of the tunica intima (endothelium) and what is it mostly made of

Answer 8

It is mostly made of simple squamous cells, and is very slick to prevent blood clots

Question 9

What are the three different types of arteries

Answer 9

Elastic (Conducting), Muscular (Distributing), and Arterioles (resistance)

Question 10

What are characteristics and examples of an elastic artery

Answer 10

Characteristics are having thick walls with large and low resistance lumen. An example is the aorta and its major branches

Question 11

What type of blood vessels have the thickest tunica media

Answer 11

Arteries

Question 12

Characteristics include diameters ranging from pinky size to pencil lead size, having a thick smooth muscle contributing most greatly to vasoconstriction.
functions to deliver blood to body organs
Most named arteries are this type of artery
*Thickest tunica media *
What type of artery is this

Answer 12

Muscular artery

Question 13

What are the smallest true arteries which lead into capillary beds

Answer 13

Arterioles

Question 14

How many RBCs can pass through one capillary at a time

Answer 14

1

Question 15

What is the function of capillaries

Answer 15

They exchange gas, wastes, hormones etc between blood and interstitial fluid

Question 16

Why is the capillary refill test good

Answer 16

It is a free and very quick way of seeing if a person has poor circulation or not

Question 17

What is the capillary refill test

Answer 17

Pressing the finger nail until the bed turns white and seeing how long it takes for blood to refill the beds
It should not take longer than 3 seconds to refill`

Question 18

What are characteristics of veins in comparison to arteries

Answer 18

Veins have a larger lumen with thinner tunica especially tunica media
they also have a lower pressure and have valves throughout to prevent backflow

Question 19

Why are veins called capacitance vessels

Answer 19

Because they contain up to 65% of blood supply

Question 20

How do veins flow blood against gravity with low pressure?

Answer 20

Valves at a constant distance continually flip blood up the vein

Question 21

What is blood flow and how is it measured

Answer 21

The volume of blood flowing through the vessels, organs, or entire circulation in a given time period
Measured in mL/Min or L/Min
basically just cardiac output

Question 22

What is blood pressure and how is it measured

Answer 22

Blood pressure is the force per unit area exerted on a wall of blood vessel by blood
measured in mmHg

Question 23

What is vascular resistance and how does it affect the body

Answer 23

bloods opposition to flow
More resistance means a higher blood pressure

Question 24

what are the 3 blood vessel characteristics that affect the resistance
And which is most important and influential

Answer 24

Blood vessel length, Blood viscosity, Blood vessel diameter
Blood vessel diameter is the most important

Question 25

How does blood viscosity affect resistance

Answer 25

The more viscous the blood the more resistant it is which increases blood pressure

Question 26

How does blood vessel length affect resistance

Answer 26

The longer the blood vessel the more resistance

Question 27

How does blood vessel diameter affect resistance

Answer 27

The smaller the diameter the more resitance

Question 28

What vessels are the biggest determinants of Blood vessel diameter

Answer 28

arterioles because their radii change frequently

Question 29

How does dehydration affect blood viscosity

Answer 29

It increases blood viscosity

Question 30

How does polycythemia affect blood viscosity

Answer 30

It increases blood viscosity

Question 31

What is pulse pressure

Answer 31

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

Question 32

*What are the vital signs*

Answer 32

pulse, blood pressure, respiration rate, temperature

Question 33

Where is the pulse most commonly take

Answer 33

at the wrist (radial pulse)

Question 34

What are the other most common places to take pulse

Answer 34

*common carotid*, femoral, dorsal pedal

Question 35

What are the Korotkoff sounds

Answer 35

The sounds you listen for when taking blood pressure

Question 36

what is auscultation

Answer 36

using stethoscope to listen

Question 37

What aids venous return

Answer 37

Musclular pumping, respiratory pump, sympathetic venoconstriction

Question 38

How do muscles aid venous return what muscle is a common example of this

Answer 38

Contraction exerts force on veins in a way similar to milking which pushes blood through the veins the soleus

Question 39

How does the respiratory pump aid in venous return

Answer 39

By constricting muscles that expand and contract your lungs you change the pressure in your thorax and abdomen encouraging blood flow back to the heart

Question 40

What are the three main factors regulating blood pressure

Answer 40

cardiac output, blood volume, peripheral resistance

Question 41

what are the factors which reg blood pressure affected by and what is their duration

Answer 41

neural control (short term), Hormonal control (short term), Renal control (long term)

Question 42

What type of control are baroreceptor reflexes

Answer 42

Neural control

Question 43

What happens in the context of baroreceptor reflexes when blood pressure is high

Answer 43

Baroreceptors increase input to vasomotor center in medulla this inhibits the vasomotor and cardioacceleratory centers It also stimulates the cardio inhibitory center decreases blood pressure

Question 44

What hormones are used to control blood pressure in the short term

Answer 44

Hormones that come from the adrenal medulla epi and norepi

Question 45

What does RAAS stand for and what does it do

Answer 45

It stands for ronin-angiotensin-aldosterone system it controls long term blood pressure

Question 46

*What is angiotensin 2*

Answer 46

A potent vasoconstrictor

Question 47

*What does aldosterone do*

Answer 47

Causes Na reabsorption in kidneys

Question 48

*What does ADH do*

Answer 48

Can cause vasoconstriction

Question 49

What are the two ways the kidneys control blood pressure

Answer 49

Direct and indirect renal control

Question 50

How do the kidneys directly control blood pressure

Answer 50

Altering blood volume (independent of hormones) *increase in blood pressure or volume results in kidneys upping urination* and vise versa

Question 51

How do the kidneys indirectly control blood pressure and what is this called

Answer 51

This is called the RAS system Decreased aterial BP causes kidneys to release renin Renin catalyzes angiotensin into angiotensin 1 angiotensin converting enzyme converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2

Question 52

What does angiotensin 2 do

Answer 52

It stimulates aldosterone secretion releases ADH stimulates sympathetics potent vasoconstrictor

Question 53

When is someone considered hypertensive

Answer 53

When they have a sustained BP over 140/90 or higher

Question 54

Which type of hypertension is more most common

Answer 54

primary

Question 55

What is primary hypertension

Answer 55

hypertension with no known underlying cause

Question 56

What is secondary hypertension

Answer 56

Hypertension that does have an underlying cause usually kidney disease or hyperthyroidism

Question 57

When is someone considered hypotensive

Answer 57

When they have a sustained blood pressure below 90/60 (usually not a problem if tissues are still receiving adequate blood flow )

Question 58

What happens when blood vessel cant properly fill and dont circulate blood properly

Answer 58

circulatory shock

Question 59

What is hypervolemic shock

Answer 59

large scale blood loss

Question 60

When happens when a heart is too inefficient to maintain adequate circulation

Answer 60

cardiogenic shock

Question 61

What happens when there is too much bacteria in the blood

Answer 61

septic shock

Question 62

What happens to the body in anaphylactic shock

Answer 62

bronchoconstriction and vasodilation

Question 63

What is tissue perfusion

Answer 63

Blood flow through tissues

Question 64

What affects the amount of blood the skin recieves

Answer 64

Body temperature (cold = less hot =more )

Question 65

What affects the amount of blood the GI tract recieves

Answer 65

Digestion and need

Question 66

When is blood flowing the fastest and when is it slowest

Answer 66

fastest when in the aorta and slowest through capillaries and than increases slightly again when through veins

Question 67

What is the proportionality of blood velocity to cross sectional area

Answer 67

Inverse the larger the cross sectional area the slower the flow

Question 68

In what direction does blood flow through capillaries why is this important

Answer 68

Blood is forced out of capillaries at the arterial end and most returns into the venous end It is extremely important in determining relative fluid volumes in blood and interstitial spaces

Question 69

What affects direction and amount of fluid flow through capillaries

Answer 69

hydrostatic pressures and colloid osmotic/oncotic pressures

Question 70

What are hydrostatic pressures

Answer 70

A pushing force exerted by arterial Bp

Question 71

What are colloid osmotic/oncotic pressures

Answer 71

Pulling forces mainly determined by albumin

Question 72

What is edema

Answer 72

An abnormal increase in amount of interstitial fluid

Question 73

What causes edema

Answer 73

An increase in outward pressure(driving fluid out of capillaries) or decrease in inward pressure

Question 74

What can happen if there is an increase in hydrostatic pressures

Answer 74

heart failure, venous blockage, Na retention, kidney failure

Question 75

What is hypoalbuminemia

Answer 75

When the liver doesnt create enough albumin and it causes a decrease in osmotic pressure in capillaries usually caused by liver and kidney failure

Question 76

How are deep veins named

Answer 76

Always with their corresponding major artery superficial veins are not named this way

Question 77

Where do veins and arteries tend to run in relation to each other

Answer 77

They tend to run along side each other

Question 78

What are tips for naming blood vessels

Answer 78

The name usually reflects body region being transversed (axilary) organ served ( renal) bone being followed (femoral)

Question 79

How does blood drain from the brain

Answer 79

Through the dural venous sinuses

Question 80

How does blood drain from the GI tract

Answer 80

Hepatic portal system drains most of the blood from the GI tract back into the liver before returning to heart