Blood Products Use Flashcards by kele martin

What are the objectives related to Blood components?

Production, Storage, shelf-life

Clinical use of blood/components, Blood safety, and history of Blood transfusion are also objectives.

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What is the purpose of blood grouping and cross-match?

To ensure compatibility between donor and recipient blood

This is crucial to prevent transfusion reactions.

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What are the key considerations in blood donation?

Donor recruitment/deferral
Donor evaluation (interview, medical examination)
Compatibility testing

Ensures donor safety and the safety of the blood for recipients.

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What are the components obtained from whole blood donation?

Packed RBC
Platelets
Plasma

Whole blood is centrifuged to separate these components.

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What are the advantages of component therapy in blood transfusion?

One unit can treat multiple patients
Maximizes blood resources
Better patient management
Reduces side effects
Decreases cost of management

Allows for targeted treatment of specific conditions.

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What should be reviewed before transfusing blood?

Indication for transfusion
Blood product selection
Dosage
Transfusion procedures

Monitoring for side effects is also mandatory.

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What are the clinical indications for RBC transfusion?

Symptomatic anaemia

4ml/kg of RBC will raise venous hemoglobin by 1g/dL.

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What are the indications for platelet transfusion?

Thrombocytopenia with bleeding
Platelet count <5 x 10^9/L increases life-threatening bleeding risk
Higher platelet counts required for surgeries

Specific thresholds for platelet counts are critical.

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Fill in the blank: Blood is a valuable but _______ national resource.

scarce

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True or False: Blood transfusions come without risks.

False

Risks include transmission of infections and transfusion reactions.

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What are common blood group systems?

ABO
Rh
MNS
Kell
Lewis
Duffy

Over 500 blood group antigens exist.

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What is the significance of the ABO blood group system?

Discovered in 1901 by Landsteiner
Comprises four major groups: A, B, AB, O
Presence of naturally occurring antibodies

Critical for blood transfusion compatibility.

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What are the components derived from plasma?

Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP)
Plasma derivatives

Used in various clinical indications.

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What is the maximum time for separating blood components after donation?

6 hours

Clotting factors deteriorate quickly.

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What are the potential complications of blood transfusions?

Hemolytic reactions
TRALI
Infections

Complications necessitate careful monitoring.

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What is the role of leukocyte reduction in blood products?

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Prevents febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reactions and alloimmunization

Important for patients with frequent transfusions.

What is the recommended platelet level for surgery?

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100 x 10^9/L

Critical for eye or brain surgeries.

Fill in the blank: Blood safety involves _______ testing.

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pre-transfusion

What are the key steps in blood cross-matching?

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ABO, Rh grouping
Antibody screening
Compatibility testing

Ensures safety in transfusion.

What is the primary purpose of blood donation?

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To provide a safe blood supply for transfusion needs

Relies on the altruism of donors.

What is apheresis donation?

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A method of collecting specific blood components from a donor

Commonly used for platelets and plasma.

What is platelet recovery?

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The increase in platelet count following a platelet infusion

Corrected platelet increment is a measure of platelet recovery.

What can cause poor platelet response after infusion?

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Factors include:
* Non-immunological causes
* Immunological causes

Non-immunological causes include splenomegaly, infections, drugs, and DIC. Immunological causes include alloimmunisation and antibodies against HLA or platelet antigens.

What are the clinical indications for Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP)?

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Definite indications include:
* Replacement of single factor deficiency if factor concentrate not available
* Inherited deficiencies of coagulation
* Immediate warfarin reversal
* Acute DIC
* Vitamin K deficiency with bleeding
* Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
* Liver disease
* Massive transfusions
* Hypovolemia
* Nutritional support (protein)

Conditional indications are if there is bleeding and evidence of disturbed coagulation.

What is the composition of cryoprecipitate?

Contains: * FVIII * Von Willebrand Factor * Fibrinogen ## Footnote Pack volume is typically 10-20 mls.

What are the indications for administering cryoprecipitate?

Indications include: * Haemophilia A * DIC * Von Willebrand disease ## Footnote The typical dosage is 1 unit per 10 kg.

What factors are considered in determining the amount of FVIII or FIX to give?

Factors include: * Classification of haemophilia * Degree of bleeding ## Footnote The classification includes coagulation factor deficiency and clinical classification.

What are the classifications of haemophilia?

Classification includes: * Coagulation factor deficiency (Haemophilia A - Factor VIII, Haemophilia B - Factor IX) * Clinical classification (Mild, Moderate, Severe) * Laboratory classification (based on levels of coagulation factor) ## Footnote Severity of bleed can also be classified as Minor, Moderate, or Major.

What is the half-life of FVIII and FIX?

FVIII: 8-12 hours, FIX: 18-24 hours ## Footnote Desired level of increase should be calculated when administering these factors.

What are the stages of shock from massive hemorrhage?

Stages include: * Class I: Blood loss 750 ml, 15% * Class II: Blood loss 750-1500 ml, 15-30% * Class III: Blood loss 1500-2000 ml, 30-40% * Class IV: Blood loss >2000 ml, >40% ## Footnote Pulse and blood pressure change with the class of shock.

What are the consequences of hypovolemia?

Consequences include: * Impaired tissue perfusion * Tissue injury affecting all systems ## Footnote Affected systems include the brain (ischaemic encephalopathy), heart (ischaemia/necrosis), kidneys (acute tubular necrosis), lungs (ARDS), and hematology (DIC).

How do white blood cells and platelets respond during a bleeding episode?

White blood cells increase within hours due to: * Shift of marginated white cells * Release from marrow * Left shift Platelets also increase within hours ## Footnote Red cells do not have a ready reserve of mature red cells.

What is the management for a patient presenting with massive haematemesis?

Management includes: * Packed RBC transfusion * Monitoring vital signs * Supportive measures ## Footnote Be alert for transfusion reactions and complications.

What are the classifications of transfusion side effects?

Classifications include: * Acute/Immediate vs Delayed * Haemolytic vs Non-Haemolytic * Immunological vs Non-Immunological * Infectious vs Non-Infectious ## Footnote Each category has specific characteristics and management strategies.

What is the pathogenesis of acute hemolytic transfusion reaction?

Pathogenesis involves: * Complement activation * Formation of MAC * Release of anaphylatoxins * Vasoactive amines * Coagulation pathway activation leading to DIC ## Footnote This reaction can lead to severe complications including death.

What should be done in case of an acute hemolytic reaction during transfusion?

Immediate actions include: * Stop transfusion * Remove blood giving set * Conduct standard ABO incompatibility reaction investigation ## Footnote Supportive measures like IV normal saline and strict input-output monitoring are crucial.

What are the common symptoms of febrile non-haemolytic transfusion reaction?

Symptoms include: * Fever * Chills * Mild hypotension ## Footnote This reaction is often due to recipient antibodies reacting against donor white blood cells.

Blood Products Use Flashcards

(37 cards)