Blood Review

Question 1

Give average life span of RBC.

Answer 1

120 days

Question 2

Give 3 specific granules of basophils

Answer 2

Histamines, slow reacting substance, chemotactic factors

Question 3

What is the difference between asthma and anaphylaxis

Answer 3

Asthma – localized, anaphylaxis – systemic or global

Question 4

Which cells spend greatest percentage of its mature life in peripheral blood?

Answer 4

RBC

Question 5

Peripheral blood is related to what?

Answer 5

Functionally, developmentally and genetically related to connective tissue

Question 6

What is the shape of RBC?

Answer 6

Biconcave disc

Question 7

Define microcyte and macrocyte.

Answer 7

9 µm

Question 8

What causes hemolysis?

Answer 8

Hypotonicity or hemolytic agents

Question 9

What causes crenation?

Answer 9

NOT by hypertonicity, but by decreased ATP, lysolecithin, and some fatty acids and lipids in cell membranes

Question 10

Sickle cell anemia - Position X on X chain has X substituted for X forming HbS.

Answer 10

6, beta, valine, glutamic acid

Question 11

What is the definition of hematocrit?

Answer 11

% volume of packed erythrocytes (measures the oxygen carrying capacity of blood)

Question 12

What is serum?

Answer 12

Plasma lacking fibrinogen and other clotting factors

Question 13

Cytoplasmic characteristic of plasma Contain a well defined Golgi and rough ER What are 3 components of plasma?

Answer 13

Water (91-92%), proteins (albumin, globulin, fibrinogen), and electrolytes (critical for homeostasis)

Question 14

What are 3 main proteins in plasma?

Answer 14

Albumin (most prevalent: contributes most to the maintenance of the osmotic pressure of blood), globulin, fibrinogen (involved primarily in clotting rxns)

Question 15

What are stacks of erythrocytes called?

Answer 15

Rouleaux

Question 16

What are three components of erythrocytes?

Answer 16

Water (66%), hemoglobin (33%), mix of lipids, carbs and other proteins (1%)

Question 17

What are two anticoagulants when you are trying to isolate plasma?

Answer 17

Heparin and sodium citrate

Question 18

What are contained in the buffy coat?

Answer 18

Leukocytes and platelets

Question 19

Give 2 structures that are in hyalomere and their function.

Answer 19

Microtubules (tubulin) – maintain shape

Microfilaments (actin) – clot contraction

Question 20

Give 3 structures that are in granulomere and their function.

Answer 20

Fibrinogen – clotting factors
ADP, ATP, Serotonin and histamine – facilitate “stickiness” of clot formation
Hydrolytic enzymes – resorption of the clot

Question 21

Describe two organelles systems in the granulomeres.

Answer 21

Dense tubular system – similar to smooth ER with Ca2+

Open canalicular systems – similar to the T tubule system in muscles

Question 22

Thrombin catalyzes conversion of what to what.

Answer 22

Fibrinogen to fibrin

Question 23

Describe the multistep conversion occurring in the degranulation of platelets.

Answer 23

Thromboplastin -> prothrombin -> thrombin Then thrombin catalyzes conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

Question 24

What is the difference between red and white thrombus?

Answer 24

White – platelets only, red – platelets + fibrin

Fibrin – fibrous, non-globular protein involved in the clotting of blood

Question 25

What is the cause of hereditary ellipsocytosis and hereditary spherocytosis?

Answer 25

Deficiencies or defects in spectrin

Question 26

In erythroblastosis fetalis X fetus elicits X mom to produce X immunoglobins.

Answer 26

Rh(D+), Rh(D-), anti-D

Question 27

Spectrin is an accessory protein for what.

Answer 27

actin

Question 28

What are two major transmembrane proteins exposed to the outer surface of the RBC?

Answer 28

Glycophorin and Band 3 (anion transporter channel)

Question 29

What anchors spectrin scaffold to Band 3?

Answer 29

Ankyrin

Question 30

Sickle cell anemia is characterized by what erythrocyte pathology?

Answer 30

Poikilocytosis

Question 31

A decrease in X causes anemia.

Answer 31

Hemoglobin content

Question 32

What chains make up the HbA, HbA2, HbF and HbS?

Answer 32

HbA – 2α + 2β HbA2 – 2α + 2 δ HbF (fetal) - 2α + 2 γ HbS (sickled) - 2α + 2βaltered

Question 33

What % do lymphocytes take of WBCs?

Answer 33

30%

Question 34

What is the most common agranulocyte?

Answer 34

T lymphocyte

Question 35

B lymphocyte differentiates into what in where?

Answer 35

Plasma cell, connective tissue

Question 36

How does neutrophil recruit other immune cells during inflammation?

Answer 36

Leukotrine synthesis

Question 37

Name and give functions of three specific granules of eosinophil.

Answer 37

Major basic protein – active in anti-parasitic functions Histaminases – counteract action of basophils’ histamines Aryl sulfates – counteracts slow reacting substance (SRS) of anaphylaxis

Question 38

What is the most common lymphocyte?

Answer 38

T lymphocyte

Question 39

Give the roles of primary, secondary, and tertiary granules of neutrophil.

Answer 39

Tertiary – identify, secondary – kill the bacteria, primary – clean up

Question 40

Monocytes differentiate into what.

Answer 40

macrophages

Question 41

All for bacterial phagocytosis Granulocytes are collectively known as?

Answer 41

Microphages

Question 42

Give 4 examples that macrophage precursor monocytes give rise to.

Answer 42

Macrophage, osteoclasts, alveolar macrophages (lung), kupffer cell (liver)

Question 43

What are 3 main functions of monocyte?

Answer 43

Bacterial inactivation via respiratory burst activity (chop up using free radicals); Cytokine production; antigen processing and presentation (foreign body giant cell formation)

Question 44

Helper cells CD4 secretes what to induce immune response?

Answer 44

Lymphokines (interferon)

Question 45

Give 3 main functions of eosinophil.

Answer 45

Inflammatory response in allergic reactions, parasitic, and skin infections Phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes Counteracts basophils and mast cells

Question 46

What is the shape of platelets?

Answer 46

Biconvex (compare this with RBC)

Question 47

Where are platelets from?

Answer 47

Megakaryocytes