blood sugar levels hormones

Question 1

blood glucose/sugar levels

Answer 1

• avaliable glucose in the blood for immediate use
• detected by glucose receptors by b cells in pancreas
• negative feedback loops

Question 2

pancreas

Answer 2

Both an exocrine gland and endocrine gland

The exocrine function is performed by cells that secrete digestive enzymes
Pancreatic juice that enters the duodenum:
- Amylase (carbohydrate digestion)
- Lipase (lipid digestion)
- trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase (protein digestion)

The endocrine function is performed by small glandular structures called the islets of Langerhans, which are composed of alpha, beta and delta cells

Question 3

endocrine functions of the pancreas include:

Answer 3

Alpha cells produce and secrete glucagon
Promotes gluconeogenesis

Beta cells produce and secrete insulin
Promotes glycogenesis

Delta cells produce and secrete somatostatin
inhibitory function

Question 4

glucagon

Answer 4

Glucagon is a protein hormone secreted in response to a low blood glucose concentration (and by gastrointestinal hormones)

Glucagon stimulates:
protein and fat degradation
the conversion of glycogen to glucose
gluconeogenesis

Glucagon’s actions are largely antagonistic to those of insulin

Question 5

Insulin

Answer 5

Insulin is a protein hormone secreted in response to a high blood glucose concentration

Insulin stimulates:
uptake of glucose by muscle and adipose cells
the storage of glucose to glycogen

Insulin’s actions are antagonistic to those of glucagon and the glucocorticoids

Question 6

Hypoglycemia & Hyperglycemia

Answer 6

Overproduction of insulin causes hypoglycemia (<4 mmol/L)

Underproduction of insulin, or an insensitivity to insulin, leads to diabetes mellitus
which is characterized by hyperglycemia

High blood glucose levels lead to excretion of glucose in the urine and water loss

Question 7

Diabetes mellitus

Answer 7

Chronic disease that occurs when the body cannot produce any insulin or enough insulin, or is unable to properly use the insulin it does make

Three classic symptoms
frequent urination
increased thirst
increased appetite

Can damage blood vessels and nervous tissue

Question 8

type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes

Answer 8

Type 1 diabetes
occurs when the pancreas is unable to produce enough insulin

Type 2 diabetes
occurs when the cells become insensitive to insulin

Gestational diabetes
occurs in some pregnant females because of insulin resistance

Question 9

Adrenal Glands

Answer 9

Adrenal cortex secretes glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids in response to blood glucose levels

The main glucocorticoid is cortisol and it’s catabolic effects promote gluconeogenesis

The main mineralocorticoid is aldosterone aids in regulating ion levels in plasma

Question 10

adrenal medulla

Answer 10

Adrenal medulla secretes the two catecholamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine, in response to stress

Both epinephrine and norepinephrine increase metabolic rate and promote gluconeogenesis