Blood Supply to Brain and Spinal Cord

Question 1

what are the two main arteries that supply blood to the head and neck

Answer 1

subclavian and common carotid

Question 2

branches of the subclavian artery

Answer 2

vertebral arteries

Question 3

branches of the common carotid

Answer 3

internal and external

Question 4

where does the common carotid arise from on the right

Answer 4

the brachiocephalic artery

Question 5

where does the common carotid arise from on the left side

Answer 5

the arch of the aorta

Question 6

what does the internal carotid artery supply

Answer 6

forebrain except for occipital lobe

Question 7

what does the external carotid artery supply

Answer 7

face, scalp, skull and meninges

Question 8

vertebral arteries pathway

Answer 8

• Transverse foramen of upper six cervical vertebrae → transverse foramen of atlas → articular process of atlas → beneath atlanto-occipital ligament → foramen magnum → unite at caudal border of pons to form basilar artery of mid medulla
• The vertebrobasilar system unites with the anterior and middle cerebral arteries of the internal carotid to form the circle of willis

Question 9

branches of internal carotid

Answer 9

• anterior cerebral
• middle cerebral
• posterior cerebral

Question 10

branches of anterior cerebral artery

Answer 10

• cortical
• deep

Question 11

what does the cortical branch of the anterior cerebral artery supply

Answer 11

motor and sensory cortices for lower limbs

Question 12

what do the deep branches of the anterior cerebral artery supply

Answer 12

• rostrum of corpus callosum
• putamen
• head of caudate and internal capsule via medial striate artery

Question 13

3 segments of the anterior cerebral artery

Answer 13

• A1 - Internal carotid artery to anterior communicating artery
• A2 - anterior communicating artery to Callosomarginal Artery
• A3 - The Callosomarginal Artery and Pericallosal Artery which anastomose with posterior cerebral arteries

Question 14

four segments of middle cerebral artery

Answer 14

• M1 - internal carotid artery to bifurcation – sphenoidal ligament
• M2 – Lateral or insular (Sylvian Fissure)
• M3 – Outside lateral fissure
• M4 – Cortical segments

Question 15

branches of middle cerebral artery

Answer 15

cortical and deep

Question 16

what do the cortical branches of the middle cerebral artery supply

Answer 16

motor and sensory cortices of the whole body except for lower limbs, auditory zone and insula

Question 17

where do the deep branches of the middle cerebral artery arise from

Answer 17

M1 segment

Question 18

what do the deep branches of the middle cerebral artery supply

Answer 18

lateral striate, or lenticulostriate supply the external capsule, lentiform nucleus and caudate

Question 19

three main arteries related to posterior circulation

Answer 19

• posterior cerebral (terminal branch of basilar)
• basilar
• vertebral

Question 20

two branches of posterior cerebral artery

Answer 20

cortical and central

Question 21

what do the cortical branches of the posterior cerebral artery supply

Answer 21

• temporal cortex
• parietal cortex
• occipital cortex
• visual areas and structure of visual pathway

Question 22

what do the central branches of the posterior cerebral artery supply

Answer 22

• thalamus
• subthalamus
• ventricles/choroid plexus
• globus pallidus
• pineal gland

Question 23

branches of the basilar artery

Answer 23

• pontine branches
• superior cerebellar artery
• anterior posterior inferior cerebellar artery

Question 24

what does the superior cerebellar artery supply

Answer 24

pons, pineal body, medulla and 3rd ventricle

Question 25

what is labyrinthine A

Answer 25

artery that arises from superior cerebellar and supplies the middle ear

Question 26

what does the anterior inferior cerebellar artery supply

Answer 26

lower cerebellum

Question 27

branches of vertebral arteries

Answer 27

- meningeal branches - posterior inferior cerebellar

Question 28

what does the anterior cerebral artery supply

Answer 28

- frontal lobe - prefrontal lobe - supplementary motor cortex - parts of primary motor cortex - parts of primary sensory cortex

Question 29

what does damage to anterior cerebral artery cause

Answer 29

issues with: - voluntary movement - thought processes - personality

Question 30

what does the middle cerebral artery supply

Answer 30

- parts of frontal love - lateral surface of temporal lobe - lateral surface of parietal lobe - areas of face, throat, hand, arm - wernicke's and broca's areas

Question 31

what does damage to the middle cerebral artery cause

Answer 31

- face and arm weakness - broca's aphasia - wernicke's aphasia

Question 32

what does the posterior cerebral artery supply

Answer 32

- temporal lobe - occipital lobe

Question 33

what does damage to posterior cerebral artery cause

Answer 33

- vision loss - hearing issues

Question 34

what do the vertebrobasilar arteries supply

Answer 34

- brainstem - cerebellum - occipital cortex - thalamus

Question 35

what does damage to vertebrobasilar arteries cause

Answer 35

- quadrilpegia - hemipegia - ataxia dysphasia - dysarthria - vision issues

Question 36

which have greater variability in location, veins or arteries?

Answer 36

veins

Question 37

two divisions of venous drainage from head

Answer 37

- external jugular veins - internal jugular veins

Question 38

where are external jugular veins found

Answer 38

lie external to sternocleidomastoid

Question 39

where do external jugular veins drain from

Answer 39

outside skull and deep face

Question 40

where are internal jugular veins found

Answer 40

descend within carotid sheath

Question 41

where do internal jugular veins drain blood from

Answer 41

head, brain, face and neck

Question 42

internal/extenal jugular veins drainage pathway

Answer 42

internal/external jugular veins → (drain to) subclavian veins → (form) brachiocephalic vein → (enters) superior vena cava

Question 43

where are sinuses found

Answer 43

between layers of meningeal and endosteal dura

Question 44

where do sinuses recieve blood from

Answer 44

superficial and deep veins of the brain

Question 45

sinuses function

Answer 45

drain CSF from subarachnoid space

Question 46

where do sinuses drain into

Answer 46

internal jugular vein

Question 47

which sinuses do the superficial cerebral veins supply

Answer 47

superior and inferior sagittal sinuses

Question 48

what do the superficial cerebral veins drain

Answer 48

drain superficial surfaces of both cerebral hemispheres and cortex

Question 49

what sinuses do the deep cerebral veins supply

Answer 49

- transverse sinus - straight sinus - sigmoid sinus

Question 50

what are the deep cerebral veins

Answer 50

- basal vein of rosenthal - internal cerebral veins - great vein of galen

Question 51

what do the deep cerebral veins drain

Answer 51

deeper parts of hemispheres, basal nuclei, internal capsule, diencephalon and choroid plexus

Question 52

three main arterial sources for the spinal cord

Answer 52

- anterior spinal artery (branch of vertebral artery) - posterior spinal arteries - branches of segmental arteries

Question 53

where does the anterior spinal artery enter the cord

Answer 53

via median fissure

Question 54

what part of the spinal cord does the anterior spinal artery supply

Answer 54

ventral 2/3

Question 55

what part of the spinal cord do they posterior spinal arteries supply

Answer 55

dorsal 1/3

Question 56

how do the branches of the segmental arteries enter the spinal cord

Answer 56

travel in with spinal roots

Question 57

what are the branches of the segmental arteries

Answer 57

- cervical arteries - intercostal arteries - lumbar arteries - sacral arteries

Question 58

where do the spinal veins drain into

Answer 58

internal venous plexus

Question 59

two other names for the internal vertebral veous plexus

Answer 59

vertebral canal or epidural space

Question 60

where do the spinal veins end

Answer 60

in the inferior cerebellar veins or in the inferior petrosal sinuses

Question 61

1

Answer 61

ophthalmic artery

Question 62

2

Answer 62

anterior choroid artery

Question 63

3

Answer 63

posterior communicating artery

Question 64

4

Answer 64

posterior choroid artery

Question 65

5

Answer 65

superior cerebellar arteries

Question 66

6

Answer 66

vertebral artery

Question 67

7

Answer 67

posterior spinal artery

Question 68

8

Answer 68

anterior spinal artery

Question 69

9

Answer 69

anterior communicating artery

Question 70

10

Answer 70

anterior cerebral artery

Question 71

11

Answer 71

middle cerebral artery

Question 72

12

Answer 72

internal carotid artery

Question 73

13

Answer 73

posterior cerebral artery

Question 74

14

Answer 74

basilar artery

Question 75

15

Answer 75

posterior inferior cerebellar artery