Practical 1: Lateral Surface of the Brain

Question 1

what is blue

Answer 1

frontal lobe

Question 2

what is green

Answer 2

temporal lobe

Question 3

what is yellow

Answer 3

parietal lobe

Question 4

what is red

Answer 4

occipital lobe

Question 5

what part of the cranial cavity does the frontal lobe occupy

Answer 5

anterior cranial fossa

Question 6

what part of the cranial cavity does the temporal lobe occupy

Answer 6

middle cranial fossa

Question 7

what seperates the anterior and middle cranial fossae

Answer 7

sphenoid ridges

Question 8

what sperates the middle and posterior cranial fossae

Answer 8

petrous temporal bones

Question 9

what part of the cranial cavity contains the cerebellum and the brainstem

Answer 9

posterior cranial fossa

Question 10

where else is dura found (not cranial cavity)

Answer 10

lining the foramen magnum and the vertebral canal

Question 11

what is the tentorium

Answer 11

an extension of the dura that seperates the posterior cranial fossa from the rest of the cranial cavity and seperates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

Question 12

what is the tentorium incisor

Answer 12

an opening in the tentorium through which the brainstem passes

Question 13

tentorium boundaries

Answer 13

• occipital bone
• edge of petrous temporal bone
• posterior clinoid process

Question 14

what is the upper surface of the tentorium continuous with

Answer 14

the dura of the floor of the middle cranial fossa

Question 15

what is the falx

Answer 15

tissue that forms a midline partition between the two cerebral hemispheres

Question 16

what bones is the falx attached to

Answer 16

occipital, parietal and frontal bones along its length and to the crista galli at the front

Question 17

what happens near the falx’s point of attachment

Answer 17

it splits into two layers, leaving a triangular space for the superior sagittal sinus

Question 18

what are the three meninges

Answer 18

the dura, arachnoid and pia

Question 19

gyrus

Answer 19

outward fold of the brain

Question 20

sulcus

Answer 20

inward fold of the brain

Question 21

what do blood vessels into the brain carry with them

Answer 21

a sleeve of pia

Question 22

which meninge extends into the sulci

Answer 22

the pia

Question 23

which meninge is the toughest

Answer 23

the dura

Question 24

what blood vessels run in the thickness of the dura

Answer 24

branches of the middle meningeal artery

Question 25

why don't the openings in the dura match the openings in the bone (for blood vessels)

Answer 25

normally, the blood vessel runs underneath the dura for a bit before entering the brain

Question 26

what is the space between the two cerebral hemispheres, occupied by the falx called

Answer 26

the longitudinal cerebral fissure

Question 27

what are the two cerebral hemispheres connected by

Answer 27

the corpus collosum

Question 28

how are the two cerebral hemispheres connected from below?

Answer 28

by the two cerebral peduncles converging on the brainstem and by the floor of the third ventricle

Question 29

what seperates the frontal and temporal lobes

Answer 29

the lateral sulcus

Question 30

what is the only sulcus that runs all the way to the medial surface of the hemisphere

Answer 30

the central sulcus

Question 31

what seperates the frontal and parietal lobes

Answer 31

the central sulcus

Question 32

what is the tip of the temporal lobe called

Answer 32

the uncus

Question 33

where is the uncus found

Answer 33

just above the tentorial incisure

Question 34

what is found on the underside of the frontal lobe

Answer 34

the olfactory tract, ending in the olfactory bulb

Question 35

where is the precentral gyrus found

Answer 35

anteriorly to the central sulcus

Question 36

what is the precentral gyrus also known as

Answer 36

the motor cortex

Question 37

where is the postcentral gyrus found

Answer 37

posterior to the central sulcus

Question 38

what is the post central gyrus also called

Answer 38

the somatosensory cortex

Question 39

where is the superior temporal gyrus found

Answer 39

the top of the temporal lobe where it meers the parietal lobe (just past the frontal lobe)

Question 40

what is the superior tempral gyrus also called

Answer 40

the auditory cortex

Question 41

where is the visual cortex found

Answer 41

right at the back of the occipital lobe

Question 42

leptomeninges

Answer 42

arachnoid mater and pia mater

Question 43

what is meningitis

Answer 43

rare infection of the leptomeninges

Question 44

how does meningitis occur

Answer 44

* through bloodstream * from trauma * from the nasal cavity via the cribriform plate

Question 45

symptoms of meningitis

Answer 45

* headache * fever * nausea * photophobia * ecchymosis * kernig's sign - marked neck pain when asked to raise one leg in a straight manner

Question 46

meningitis treatment

Answer 46

high dose of antibiotics and supportive management

Question 47

cause of extradural haematoma

Answer 47

* major head trauma * rupture of middle meningeal artery (or branches) by fracture of skull, normally in pterygoid area * blood collects between dura mater and calvaria

Question 48

symptoms of extradural hematoma

Answer 48

* loss of consiousness right after trauma * regaining consiousness for a period of hours * rapid drowsiness and unconsiousness ensues, whuch can lead to death

Question 49

treatment for extradural hematoma

Answer 49

emergency craniotomy to relieve pressure on the brain

Question 50

extradural space purpose

Answer 50

a potential space containing meningeal vessels

Question 51

subdural space purpose

Answer 51

contains veins connecting cerebral veins to dural venous sinuses

Question 52

subarachnoid space purpose

Answer 52

contains cerebral vessels and CSF

Question 53

subpial space

Answer 53

nonexistent because the pia adheres to the cortical surface

Question 54

cistern

Answer 54

subarachnoid space of the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid

Question 55

name the five main cisterns

Answer 55

- cisterna magna - interpenducular cistern - pontine cistern - cistern of lateral sulcus - cistern venae magnae cerebri (quadrigeminal cistern)

Question 56

where is the circle of willis contained

Answer 56

interpenduncular cistern

Question 57

where is the middle cerebral artery contained

Answer 57

cistern of lateral sulcus

Question 58

where is the great cerebral vein of Galen contained

Answer 58

cisterna venae magnae cerebri (quadrigeminal cistern)

Question 59

cisterna magna

Answer 59

Question 60

interpeduncular cistern

Answer 60

Question 61

pontine cistern

Answer 61

Question 62

cisterna venae magnae cerebri (quadrigeminal cistern)

Answer 62

Question 63

name two fissures

Answer 63

- central fissure - lateral fissure

Question 64

central fissure purpose

Answer 64

seperates two hemispheres in the midline

Question 65

lateral fissure appearance

Answer 65

- consists of a stem and three rami (anterior horizontal, anterior ascending and posterior) - asymmetry between left and right sides

Question 66

central fissure

Answer 66

Question 67

lateral fissure

Answer 67

Question 68

central sulcus

Answer 68

Question 69

precentral sulcus

Answer 69

Question 70

postcentral sulcus

Answer 70

Question 71

superior and inferior frontal sulci

Answer 71

Question 72

superior and inferior temporal sulci

Answer 72

Question 73

interparietal suclus

Answer 73

Question 74

upper end of the parieto-occipital sulcus

Answer 74

Question 75

olfactory sulcus

Answer 75

Question 76

collateral sulcus

Answer 76

Question 77

orbital sulcus

Answer 77

Question 78

rhinal suclus

Answer 78

Question 79

occipitotemporal sulcus

Answer 79

Question 80

which sulcus is usually H-shaped

Answer 80

orbital sulcus

Question 81

precentral gyrus

Answer 81

Question 82

superior, middle inferior frontal gyri

Answer 82

Question 83

superior, middle inferior temporal gyri

Answer 83

Question 84

postcentral gyrus

Answer 84

Question 85

superior and inferior parietal lobules

Answer 85

Question 86

anglular and supramarginal gyri

Answer 86

Question 87

gyrus rectus

Answer 87

Question 88

anterior, posterior, medial and lateral orbital gyri

Answer 88

Question 89

medial and lateral occipitotemporal gyri

Answer 89

Question 90

lingual gyrus

Answer 90

Question 91

parahippocampal gyrus

Answer 91

Question 92

uncus

Answer 92

Question 93

insula

Answer 93

- part of cortex - hidden from view by frontal, parietal and temporal lobes - exposed by gently pulling back these lobes at anterior part of lateral fissure

Question 94

what divides the lateral aspect of each cerebral hemisphere into lobes

Answer 94

- lateral fissure - central sulci - parieto-occipital sulci - preoccipital notch

Question 95

preoccipital notch

Answer 95

Question 96

where is the primary sensory cortex found

Answer 96

postcentral gyrus

Question 97

where is the primary motor cortex found

Answer 97

precentral gyrus

Question 98

where is the primary auditory cortex found

Answer 98

posterior end of superior surface of superior temporal gyrus

Question 99

where is premotor cortex found

Answer 99

posterior parts of superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyrus

Question 100

where is frontal eye field founf

Answer 100

towards the posterior end of the middle frontal gyrus

Question 101

where is wernicke's area founf

Answer 101

posterior to primary auditory cortex

Question 102

where is broca's area found

Answer 102

posterior end of the inferior frontal gyrus

Question 103

what is the central fissure also known as

Answer 103

the fissure of Rolando