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POM (Principles of Medicine) > Blood transfusion > Flashcards

Blood transfusion Flashcards

1
Q

How many allelic forms are present in blood cells?

A

3

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2
Q

What are the three allelic forms?

A

Ia, Ib, Io

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3
Q

Which blood group allele is recessive?

A

Io,

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4
Q

Which blood groups are present?

A

A, B, AB, O

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5
Q

Which type of antibodies is present within the blood that detects self-blood antigens?

A

The antibodies have immunoglobulin variable regions specific to antibodies that are not present on the self-erythrocyte.

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6
Q

Which type of antibody activates complement?

A

IgM

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7
Q

How are A and B antigens?

A

Formed by the addition of one or other sugar residue onto a common glycoprotein and fucose stem (H antigen)

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8
Q

What is the structure of Group O erythrocytes?

A

Contains neither A or B sugars- H stem is only present

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9
Q

Which molecule is added to the H antigen? (A group)

A

N-acetyl galactosamine

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10
Q

Which molecule is added to the H antigen? (B group)

A

Galactose

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11
Q

What is the genotype for the A antigen?

A

AA, OA

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12
Q

What is the genotype for the B antigen?

A

BB, OB

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13
Q

What are anti-antibodies?

A

Associate and bind onto the respective immunoglobulin molecules within the cell surface membrane, resulting in cellular agglutination

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14
Q

What is Rh factor?

A

Rhesus factor is an inherited protein located on the cell surface membrane of erythrocytes.

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15
Q

What Rh positive?

A

Presence of protein

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16
Q

What is Rh-negative?

A

Lack of protein

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17
Q

What is the most common Rh protein?

A

D

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18
Q

What does the D gene encode?

A

Encodes for the D antigen on the erythrocyte surface

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19
Q

What does the d gene encode?

A

d gene encodes for no antigens

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20
Q

What is the genotype of RhD negative?

A

dd

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21
Q

What is the genotype of RhD positive?

A

Dd DD

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22
Q

What anti-D antibodies?

A

Synthesized by individuals unable to present RhD antigen, only after they are exposed to the antigen.

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23
Q

What circumstance are anti-D antibodies present?

A

Upon exposure to the D antigen, transfusion of RhD positive blood
RhD positive fetus

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24
Q

What type of antibody is anti-D?

A

IgG class antibodies

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25
Q

What are the issues associated with the transfusion of RhD positive with an RhD negative patient?

A

Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction with anemia

26
Q

What is hemolytic disease of the newborn?

A

RhD negative mother has anti-D subsequent pregnancies involved RhD positive mothers, results in IgG anti-D antibodies crossing the placenta, attach to positive RhD positive fetal red blood cells, resulting in hemolysis of fetal cells

27
Q

What is the aim to treat RhD negative patients?

A

Transfuse blood of the same RhD group

28
Q

Which is the most useful blood group?

A

Group O negative (RhD negative)- when the patient blood group is not known.

29
Q

What is antibody screening?

A

Patient screened to exclude any clinically significant immune antibodies

30
Q

What is the screened plasma incubated with?

A

2 or 3 different fully typed screening red cells

31
Q

What have fully typed screening cells?

A

Contains all group antigens

32
Q

What is a negative result?

A

Any donor blood (ABO & RhD compatible) provided

33
Q

What is a positive result?

A

Antibody identified using large panel of red cells, donor units of blood lack corresponding blood antigen are chosen for cross-referencing with recipient plasma prior to transfusion

34
Q

How is blood tested for ABO group?

A

Test with anti-A and Anti-B antibodies

Test with anti-D reagent

35
Q

Which is the age group for donor selection?

A

17-70 years

36
Q

Which groups of donors are excluded from blood donors?

A

Bloodborne diseases (Risk of bacterial, viral or parasitic infections, or drugs)

37
Q

What is the window period of disease?

A

Individuals have pathogen however do not present symptoms or detection

38
Q

What is prion proteins?

A

Lymphocyte membranes and platelets; prions of variant
CJD diease are found in lymphoreitcular tissues
cjd transmitted by transfusions of blood or blood products in humans, developmentof vCJD

39
Q

How much volume of blood is collected from donor into sterile plastic back?

A

450ml

40
Q

What is added to the blood packets?

A

Anti-coagulant

41
Q

What is present within the blood packets?

A

platelets, red cells, and factor VIII

42
Q

What is component therapy?

A

Transfusing units of red cells, conducted by centrifuing, apply pressure to each layer, separating the relevant blood units.

43
Q

What is one blood unit?

A

Whole blood-derived from one single blood donation

44
Q

What is packed with red cells?

A

SAGM (Saline, adenine, glucose, mannitol), fliod plasma removed,

45
Q

How long is the shelf-life for red cells?

A

5 weeks

46
Q

What temperature are red cells stored at?

A

4 degrees C

47
Q

What is a blood giving set?

A

Has filter to remove debris

48
Q

Which storage form of plasma is stored at -30degrees c?

A

Fresh frozen plasma

49
Q

What is the volume of fresh frozen plasma?

A

300ml unit

50
Q

What time period is associated with the freezing of plasma upon donation?

A

6 hours

51
Q

What is the purpose of the 6 hour time gap?

A

Preservation of coagulation factors

52
Q

What is the shelf-life of fresh frozen plasma?

A

3 years

53
Q

What action is required before the administration of fresh frozen plasma?

A

Thawing

54
Q

Why should FFP be frozen immediately?

A

To prevent coagulation factor degeneration at room temperature

55
Q

What is the purpose of FFP?

A

Used as a replacement fluid in plasma exchange as well as supplying clotting factors

56
Q

What is cryoprecipitate?

A

Prepared from plasma, contains fibrinogen, VWF, VIII, XIII, and fibronectin

57
Q

What is the thawing temperature for cryoprecipitate?

A

4-8 degrees

58
Q

What is the cryoprecipitate shelf-life?

A

3 years

59
Q

Why is cryoprecipitate?

A

Fibrinogen low and patients with excessive bleeding

60
Q

What is the platelet concentrates?

A

Pooled platelets:

61
Q

What are intramuscular injections?

A

Administered into muscle

POM (Principles of Medicine) (34 decks)

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