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POM (Principles of Medicine) > White cells > Flashcards

White cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are granulocytes?

A

Refers to neutrophils, basophils or eosinophils

Granules present in the cytoplasm containing agents responsible for the phagocytic function

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2
Q

What are monocytes?

A

Monocytes are precursors of tissue macrophages

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3
Q

What are granulocytes and monocytes derived from?

A

Myeloid progenitor stem cells

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4
Q

What do myeloid progenitor stem cells arise?

A

Granulocytes and macrophages

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5
Q

What growth factors influence the synthesis of white cells?

A

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)

Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)

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6
Q

Where are leukocytes produced?

A

Produced in bone marrow and the thymus gland

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7
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

Non-specific immune system and responsible for digesting and engulfing of pathogens through phagocytosis

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8
Q

What substances are produced by basophils?

A

Histamines

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9
Q

What role do histamines perform?

A

Increases permeability of the capillaries to white blood cells, encourages leukocytes to engage with pathogen
Affects blood flow to affected area, increases concentraiton of leukocytes
Vasodilation

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10
Q

What type of basophils secretes histamines?

A

Ig-E

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11
Q

Apart from histamine, what substances are also released from basophil granules?

A

Heparin and proteolytic enzymes

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12
Q

What role do eosinophils perform?

A

Defence against parasites and allergic reactions.

Regulation of hypersensitivity reactions- inactivates histamine and leukotrienes

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13
Q

Name the precursor granulocyte cells?

A

Myeloblast
Promyeloblast
Metamyelocytes

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14
Q

Name the process in which granulocytes undergo maturation and synthesis?

A

Granulopoiesis

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15
Q

What is the distinctive pattern for myeloblasts?

A

Prominent nucleoli and open chromatin pattern

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16
Q

What is the circulating lifespan of neutrophils?

A

7-10 hours

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17
Q

What two types of substances do neutrophils secrete?

A

Superoxide dependent: Release of reactive oxygen species, provides enzyme substrate for myeloperoxidase
Oxygen-independent: Defensins and gelantinases

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18
Q

How are neutrophils identified?

A

Lobulated- segmented nucleus

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19
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

The movement of a cell in the direction corresponding to a decreasing and increasing concentration gradient of a particular substance

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20
Q

How do neutrophils marginate and adhere themselves to the endothelium?

A

Selectins and integrins

Undergo polarisation, changing and rolling to a laterally suitable position for diapedesis

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21
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

Process concerning the movement of cells through intact capillary walls.

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22
Q

What are agranulocytes?

A

No lobed nuclei present

Consist of suspended granules

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23
Q

What are monocytes?

A

Responsible for the formation of macrophages; presentation of antigenic fragments

24
Q

What is the function of lymphocyte B cells?

A

Production of antibodies

25
Q

What is the function of lymphocyte T cells?

A

Directly attack pathogen

26
Q

What is the function of macrophages?

A

Ingesting pathogens due to the ability of renewing lysosomes, engulfs pathogens coated with complement and antibody

27
Q

Which cells give rise to lymphocytes?

A

Lymphoid progenitor stem cells (From multipotent haemopoietic Scs)

28
Q

What are the lymphoid cells?

A

NK cells
T-cells
B-cells

29
Q

What is the fate of lymphocyte-B cells?

A

Mature and differentiate into effector cells –> Plasma cells (secretion of antibodies)

30
Q

Where are B-cells exposed to antigens?

A

Lymph nodes and lymphoid tissue

31
Q

What is the role performed by T-helper cells?

A

Secretion of cytokines that activate B-cells (clonal selection of antibodies)

32
Q

What is the role performed by cytotoxic CD8 cells?

A

Secretion of enzymes that compose pores in the membranes of infected cells, increases permeability of the cell-surface membrane, enabling entry of water and ions, cells burst

33
Q

Where does CD4 and CD8 marker acquisition occur?

A

Thymus gland

34
Q

What are NK cells?

A

Associated with the innate immune system- targets tumour cells and virus infected cells

35
Q

What is neutrophilia?

A

High neutrophil count exceeds 7500/ microL

36
Q

What causes neutrophilia?

A

Bacterial infection
Inflammation
Infarction
Myeloproliferative neoplasms

37
Q

What drug causes neutrophilia?

A

Corticosteroids

38
Q

What phenomenon is accompanied by neutrophilia?

A

Left-shift

39
Q

What is left shift?

A

Discusses the increase in non-segmented variant neutrophils; indicative of neutrophils precursors present in the blood
Presence of band forms

40
Q

What are band forms?

A

Non segmented neutrophils

41
Q

What is neutropenia?

A

Decrease in the absolute neutrophil count below 1500/microL

42
Q

What is agranulocytosis?

A

Absence of neutrophils in peripheral blood

43
Q

What are the clinical causes of neutropenia?

A

Chemotherapy and radiotherapy

44
Q

What are the causes of neutropenia?

A

Autoimmune disorders, severe bacterial infections (Pyogenic), drugs (anticonvulsant and antipsychotic)

45
Q

What is the treatment for neutropenia?

A

IV antibiotics

46
Q

What is hypersegmentation?

A

Increase in the average number of neutrophil lobes (Deficiency in B12 and Folate); megaloblastic anaemia

47
Q

What is lymphocytosis?

A

Increase in the absolute number or proportion of lymphocytes in the blood

48
Q

What are the causes of lymphocytosis?

A 
Viral infection 
Epstein-Barr Virus infection
Mononucleosis
Leukaemia
Chronic lyphocytic 
Whooping cough
49
Q

What is basophilic cytoplasm?

A

Purplish patina pH? 8

50
Q

What is lymphopenia?

A

Decrease in the absolute/proportion of lymphocytes

51
Q

What are the causes of lymphopenia?

A

HIV
Chemo/radio therapy
Corticosteroids

52
Q

What is monocytosis?

A

Refers to an influx in the promotion of circulating monocytes

53
Q

What is eosinophillia?

A

Increase in the number of circulating eosinophils

54
Q

What is basophillia?

A

Increase in the number of circulating basophils

55
Q

What causes eosinophilia?

A

Parasitic infection

Allergy

POM (Principles of Medicine) (34 decks)

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