Blood typing

Question 1

soluble antigen + soluble antibody

Answer 1

insoluble complexes

Question 2

visible aggregation of particles caused by combination of particulate antigen with specific antibody

Answer 2

Agglutination

Question 3

where does the reaction of agglutination take place

Answer 3

on the surface of particle

Question 4

antigen is adsorbed onto the surface of the particle

Answer 4

free floating

Question 5

involves combining soluble antigen with soluble antibody to produce insoluble complexes that are visible

Answer 5

Precipitation

Question 6

substance where antigens are coated/located

Answer 6

particles

Question 7

Types of particles used in agglutination

Answer 7

RIBS

• RBC
• Inert carriers (ex.latex particles)
• Bacteria Cells
• Synthetic beads

Question 8

Agglutination Reaction Steps

Answer 8

1. sensitization

2. Lattice formation

Question 9

Enhance Lattice formation

Answer 9

1. Decrease the buffer’s ionic strength
2. Add 5-30% albumin
3. Increase viscosity of RBC

Question 10

the secondary stage where the antibody and multivalent antigen forms a stable network

Answer 10

Lattice formation

Question 11

exists a net-like configuration, which consists of a stable network between sensitized antigen and antibody. It takes much time to occur than the sensitization.

Answer 11

lattice

Question 12

How can you decrease a buffer’s ionic strength

Answer 12

Use Low ionic strength saline/solution

Question 13

Advantages of adding 5-30% albumin in ehancement of lattice formation

Answer 13

• neutralizes the surface charge of RBC

- allow RBCS to approach each other more closely

Question 14

How can you increase viscosity of RBC

Answer 14

1. Dextran or Polyethylene glycol ( PEG )
2. Addition of enzymes (bromelin, trypsin, papain, ficin)
3. Agitation & centrifugation
4. Altering the pH & temp (igG and agM are antibodies of interest)

Question 15

Immunoglobulin that agglutinates best at 4 degrees celsius and 27 degrees celsius

Answer 15

IgM

Question 16

warm reacting antibody

Answer 16

IgG

Question 17

cold reacting antibody

Answer 17

Ig M

Question 18

IgG reacts best at what temperature

Answer 18

30-37 degrees celsius

Question 19

Optimal ph for Agglutination

Answer 19

6.5-7.5

Question 20

exceptions for altering ph and temp

Answer 20

acid loving antibodies (antibodies that react best at lower pH) , Anti M (MNS group) and anti P1 (P1 group)

Question 21

Types of agglutination

Answer 21

CRAP , D

1. Direct agglutination
2. Passive agglutination (indirect agglutination)
3. Reverse passive agglutination
4. Agglutination inhibition
5. Coagglutination

Question 22

– specific antibodies that produce agglutination reactions

Answer 22

agglutinins

Question 23

Involves antigen-antibody combination through single antigenic determinant on
the surface of the particle (1 Fab site and 1 epitope)

Answer 23

Sensitization

Question 24

It follows the law of mass action: free reactants are in equilibrium with bound
reactants

Answer 24

Sensitization

Question 25

``` most efficient class of Ab in agglutination by 700x than IgG because of its bigger size ```

Answer 25

IgM

Question 26

has restricted flexibility at the hinge region

Answer 26

igG

Question 27

agglutination reaction step Affected by the nature of the antibody molecules (IgM, IgG) and the antigens

Answer 27

sensitization

Question 28

Stabilization of antigen-antibody complexes with the binding of multiple antigenic determinants

Answer 28

lattice formation

Question 29

In order for agglutination to happen, the negative | charged must be controlled and the lattice formation must be enhanced.

Answer 29

true

Question 30

Reduce the water of hydration around cells and allow them to come into closer proximity for antibody to join together

Answer 30

Dextran or polyethylene glycol (PEG)

Question 31

Cleaves the sialoglycoprotein/sialic acid which reduces the surface charge on RBCs which also causes changes in the external configuration of the RBC membrane revealing more epitopes and decreasing hydration => RBC stick together

Answer 31

Addition of enzymes (bromelin, trypsin, papain, ficin)

Question 32

provides physical means to increase cell to cell | contact

Answer 32

Agitation & centrifugation

Question 33

forward/front typing method

Answer 33

* slide method | * tube method

Question 34

occurs when antigens are naturally | found on a particle.

Answer 34

Direct agglutination (blood typing principle)

Question 35

Direct agglutination involving RBCs

Answer 35

hemagglutination

Question 36

particles are coated w/ antigens | not naturally found on the surface of particle.

Answer 36

. Passive agglutination (indirect agglutination)

Question 37

Passive agglutination (indirect agglutination) example

Answer 37

Detection of rheumatic factor (IgM that attacks Fc of IgG); Antinuclear antibody (ANA) as seen in SLE patients

Question 38

Reverse passive agglutination

Answer 38

Detection of CRP (C reactive protein) & CALAS (Cryptococcal Antigen Latex Agglutination System; Cryptococcus neoformans causes fungal meningitis)

Question 39

Reverse: instead of antigen, antibody is attached to a carrier particle - Passive: antibody not normally found on surface of particle

Answer 39

Reverse passive agglutination

Question 40

Based on the competition between particulate & soluble antigens for limited combining sites

Answer 40

Agglutination inhibition

Question 41

- Lack of agglutination = positive reaction

Answer 41

Agglutination inhibition

Question 42

Detection of illicit drugs (cocaine or heroin)

Answer 42

Agglutination inhibition

Question 43

- Uses bacteria as the inert particles to which antibody is attached

Answer 43

Coagglutination

Question 44

commonly used in coagglutination

Answer 44

S.aureus

Question 45

type of agglutination where Reactions are difficult to read due to bacteria being colorless

Answer 45

Coagglutination

Question 46

what protein is found in S. Aureus

Answer 46

Protein A

Question 47

whats the use of protein a in coagglutination

Answer 47

naturally adsorbs Fc portion of antibody molecules

Question 48

cause cross reactions since some antigens share the sameantigenic properties causing them to react with the same antibody

Answer 48

rbc

Question 49

ideal but expensive TYPE OF PARTICLE USED IN AGGLUTINATION

Answer 49

Synthetic beads

Question 50

TYPE OF PARTICLE USED IN AGGLUTINATION which is inexpensive, relatively stable, unlikely to cause cross reactions and results are relatively easy to read

Answer 50

Inert Carriers (e.g. latex particles)

Question 51

Advantage: consistency, conformity and stability; reactions are easy to read because of large particles

Answer 51

Synthetic beads

Question 52

In ionic solution, red cells surround themselves with cations to form an ionic cloud keeping them about 25 nm apart.

Answer 52

true

Question 53

what causes a slight negative surface charge in Erythrocytes and bacterial cells

Answer 53

sialic acid/sialoglycoprotein

Question 54

an antibody that will react only with the specific red blood cell antigen against which it is directed

Answer 54

Typing serum

Question 55

How long do you centrifuge in tube method for Blood typing

Answer 55

30 seconds

Question 56

0 agglutination reaction

Answer 56

No agglutination

Question 57

W+ Agglutination reaction

Answer 57

Tiny agglutinates with turbid background

Question 58

1+ agglutination reaction

Answer 58

Small agglutinates with turbid background

Question 59

2+agglutination reaction

Answer 59

Medium sized agglutinates with clear background

Question 60

3+ agglutination reaction

Answer 60

Several large agglutinates with clear background

Question 61

4+ agglutination reaction

Answer 61

One solid agglutinate