Blood Typing Flashcards
what determines blood type
- genetics
- based on what antigens (glycolipid) you have on the surface of your RBCs
antigen
- marker
- present on all cells
- tell immune system that those are your cells so immune system doesn’t attack
- can be proteins, glycoproteins, glycolipids, etc
- trigger immune response if there are antigens present that aren’t yours
4 possible blood types
- O
- A
- B
- AB
- based upon which sugars compose glyco part of glycolipid
type O blood
- most common in US
- doesn’t have any extra sugars
type AB blood
- least common in US
- has 2 basic sugar structures with extra sugar on each
basic 3 sugar structure
-present on all blood types
plasma cells
- part of immune system
- release antibodies
antibodies
- bind to antigens
- view anything foreign as an enemy
- bind and link foreign cells, targeting for destruction
linked foreign cells
- bad b/c you have little capillaries that only allow one RBC through at a time
- clumped RBCs (from non-match donor)
agglutination
- clumping together of RBCs mediated by antibodies
- occurs if getting non-match blood transfusion
- RBCs clump and block blood flow in vessel or release “free” hemoglobin
free hemoglobin
-leads to kidney failure
O antigen
-none
O antibody
- Anti- A
- Anti-B
A antigen
-A
A antibody
- Anti-B- if sees B -> clumps
* dont’ want Anti-A b/c would lead to agglutinate
B antigen
B
B antibody
Anti-A
AB antigen
A
B
AB antibody
none
-doesn’t want A or B b/c would attack itself
if mix antibody with antigen it doesn’t like
- clumping occurs
* nothing happens if doesn’t see what it doesn’t like
D antigen (Rh factor)
-antigen with major role during proper fetal hemolytic development
Rh+
-you have D antigen
Rh-
- do not have the D antigen
- if exposed to D antigen, body doesn’t like and makes antibodies for it
antibody development
- automatically develop antibodies that reciprocate your blood antigens
- only develop Rh antigens if exposed to them
Rh- receives Rh+ blood for trauma 1st exposure
- transfusion results in nothing happening (no agglutination) at first
- don’t have antibodies upon first exposure
- being exposed to Rh antigen causes body to start making antibodies
Rh- receives second exposure Rh+ blood
-agglutination occurs
Rh- mom 1st pregnancy w/ Rh+ baby
- no problem
- don’t have anti-bodies yet
- placenta protects mixing of fetal and maternal blood, so don’t see antigen on RBCs
- when delivering placenta rips, so you are exposed
- immune system starts making antibodies for baby’s Rh+ antigen
- stimulates immune system formation of anti-Rh antibodies
Rh- mom 2nd pregnancy w/ Rh+ baby
- now have Anti-Rh antibodies
- antibodies CAN cross placenta into baby’s blood
- results in agglutination of baby’s blood
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
- aka erythroblastosis fetalis
- agglutination of Rh+ baby’s blood caused by Rh-mother’s anti-Rh antigens
- baby’s RBCs lyse
Rhogam shots
- “covers” baby’s Rh antigen, so Rh- mom doesn’t attack
- even if blood mixes during delivery, Rh-antigens are covered
- ALL Rh- moms get shots for precaution
why can A type mom have B type baby
anit-A and anti-B antibodies don’t cross placenta
