Blood unit Flashcards
(68 cards)
1
Q
primary function of cardiovascular system
A
supply body cells with nutrients and carry waste away
2
Q
what is blood
A
- specialized connective tissue
average adult has 5L=6% of body mass - composed of liquid (plasma) and solid
3
Q
functions of blood
A
- important in the transportation of substances between body and external environment
- blood protects and regulates; pH, temperature, etc.
4
Q
composition of blood
A
- plasma: liquid 55%
- WBC and thrombocytes: less than 1%
- RBC 45%
- solid: WBC, RBC, and platelet
- RBC makes around 40-45% of blood
- % of RBC- hematocrit
5
Q
plasma
A
- straw coloured fluid
- makes up around 55-60% of blood
- 92%-water, 8%-solutes
- solutes in plasma: amino acids, proteins, etc.
plasma proteins: albumin, globulins, fibrinogen
6
Q
plasma proteins
A
ALBUMIN: smallest, and most abundant (around 60%), made in the liver, transportation
GLOBULINS: around 36% of plasma proteins, subdivided into: Alpha and Beta made in the liver; transport, Gamma: antibody made in lymphatic tissue
FIBRINOGEN: around 4%, largest of plasma proteins, blood coagulation
7
Q
other substances in plasma
A
- dissolved gases, nutrients (simple sugars, for ex), electrolytes
8
Q
creation of blood cells
A
hematopoiesis OR hemopoiesis
- in the embryo, there are various sties for this to take place
- after birth it mainly occurs in red bone marrow
Immature blood cells= hematopoiesis stem cells
Hematopoietic growth factor: determines the growth/survival of the cell and what the stem cell grows into
9
Q
the three families
A
erthyroid cells: O2 carrying RBC
lymphocytes: cornerstone of immune system, T-cells and B-cells
myelocytes: innate immunity, blood clotting, adaptive immunity
10
Q
production of blood cells
A
- amount of RBC in circulation are regulated
- principal factors stimulated RBC production: Erythroprotein=hormone, mainly made in the kidneys and liver
11
Q
what do you need for RBC production
A
- B12 and folic acid are essential to the synthesis of DNA and are needed for RBC production
- a deficiency can cause RBC to grow larger than megaloblasts: irregular shape, weak membrane, short lifespan
12
Q
Red Blood Cells Overview
A
- average number of RBC
women have more=menstruation - made of hemoglobin
- give RBC their colour
- combines with o2: oxyhemoglobin, when o2 is released: deoxyhemoglobin
- made up of water, electrolytes, and enzymes and lack a nucleus to increase SA for hemoglobin and diffusion
13
Q
shape of RBC
A
- biconcave disks
- thin near centre, wide around rims
- shape lets them squeeze through narrow passages of capillaries and be in close proximity to cell surface
14
Q
hemoglobin
A
synthesis: RBC is in proerythroblast stage continues to reticuloyte stage
- heme molecule combines with long polypeptide chain, globin
- they combine
- IRON is vital in the creation of hemoglobin
15
Q
death of RBC
A
- live for around 120 days
- can travel through the body 75000 times
- the spleen and liver remove old RBC
- phagocytized by macrophages
- hemoglobin breaks down into components
16
Q
WBC
A
- infantry of our body, they go where the infections and are combat
- made of bone marrow, stored in lymph tissue
- lifespan of 13-20 days
17
Q
types of WBC
A
- neutrophils
- basophils
- eosinophils
- monocytes
- lymphocytes
18
Q
creation of WBC
A
MYELOTIC
- come from hemopoietic stem cells
- only made in bone marrow
- short lifespan, around 12 hours
LYMPHOCYTIC
- give rise to the lymphocytic: agranulocytes
- made primarily in lymphoid organs
19
Q
MYELOTIC VS LYMPOHCYTIC
A
myletotic:
- granulocytes
- 3 types of WBCs that have granular cytoplasm (BEN): basilophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
lymphocytic:
- agranulocytes
- 2 types lack granular cytoplasm
- lymphocytes, and monocytes
20
Q
neutrophils
A
- granules appear light purple with acid-base stains
- nucleus is lobed and made up of 2-5 sections connected by chromatin
- also known as: segs, PMNs
- first WBC to arrive at infection sites, trap and kill pathogens
- phagocytize bacteria, fungi, some viruses
- approx 54-62% of leukocytes in blood samples
- numbers will be elevated in bacterial infections
21
Q
eosinophils
A
- uniformed cytoplasmic granules
- stain deep red in acid
- 2 LOBES, bilobed nucleus
- used to defend against parasitic worms, and moderate allergic reaction
- only around 1-3% of leukocytes
22
Q
basophils
A
- similar to eosinophils in shape and size of nuclei
- but they stain blue, and granules make nucleus difficult to see
- migrate to damaged tissue, release histamine, causing inflammation and heparin release causing blood clotting
- less than 1% of leukocytes
23
Q
monocytes
A
- the largest blood cell: 2-3 times larger than RBC
- nuclei is spherical, kidney-shaped, oval or lobed
- monocytes will leave bloodstream when they leave the bloodstream they become macrophages
- monocytes phagocytize bacteria, dead cells, and debris
- around 3-9% of leukocytes
24
Q
pus
A
- neutrophils and macrophages engulf large numbers of bacteria and dead tissue
- neutrophils and macrophages die
- combination of necrotic tissue, dead neutrophils, dead macrophages, and tissue fluids is known as pus
- pus is eventually destroyed and absorbed in surrounding situation
25
lymphocytes
- only slightly larger than RBC
- contain large spherical nucleus surrounded by a thin layer of cytoplasm
- major types: T cells and B cells
- both are important in humanity
- T cells attack microorganisms, tumour cells, and transplanted cells
- B cells produce antibodies
- 25-33% of leukocytes
26
WHITE BLOOD CELL CHANGE
Leukopenia: low WBC
- typhoid fever, flu, measles, etc.
Leukocytosis: high WBC
- acute infections, vigorous exercise, loss of bodily fluid
Increased lymphocytes: hairy cell leukaemia, whopping cough, etc.
Increased eosinophils: tapeworms, hookworms, allergic reactions
Increased monocytes: typhoid fever, malaria, tuberculosis
Increased neutrophils: bacterial infection
27
platelets
- thrombocytes
- cell fragments of megakaryocytes: ex. dandruff
- lacks nucleus, half the size of RBC
- help control blood loss from blood vessels
28
blood types scientist
- 1900 Karl Landsteiner
- discovered that different types of blood types were compatible
- 1910 the abo antigen was discovered
29
agglutination
- rbc clump together during testing or transfer reaction
- caused by the interactions of antiviral/biotic
- antigens are how the cells identify themselves
- antibodies see the bodies defines, striking when a presenter is not around
30
ABO
- first grouping depends on two major antigens: A, B, (O is without antigen)
- Four possible combinations
A=A blood
B=B blood
AB=AB blood
No antigen=O blood
31
blood type issues
- within the first 2-8 months post-partuitrion the baby develops antibodies for blood types
- A blood will develop antibodies for B
- B will develop antibodies for A
- O will for A and B
Give and Take:
- because O lacks antigens: universal donor
- these giving types have antigens for A and B, so they can only accept O
- AB carriers do not have antibodies for A or B, so they can either take A,B,AB,or O, they are universal recipients
32
RH blood group
- Rh was named after the rhesus monkey
- several antigens, important one is antigen D
- IF any antigen is present: Rh+, if none Rh-
- only around 15% are Rh negative
33
rarest blood type? what colour is blood in the circulatory system?
-Ab negative
- Red, veins: deoxygenated, darker red
arteries: bright red, oxygenated
34
what is the only way to find out your blood types
blood test
35
universal donor, and universal donor for all Rh+
Donor: O-
Donor for all Rh: O+
36
Iron deficient anemia
low level of hemoglobin in the blood, low iron stores, and low iron binding capacity
37
Hemophilia-
is a rare disorder in which your blood doesn't clot normally because it lacks sufficient blood-clotting proteins (clotting factors). The two most common type blood disorders are Factor VIII (Hemophilia A) and Factor IX (Hemophilia B) deficiency
The greatest health concern is deep bleeding inside your body, especially in your knees, ankles and elbows. That internal bleeding can damage your organs and tissues and may be life-threatening.
38
Blood Clots
A blood clot is a clump of blood that has changed from a liquid to a gel-like or semisolid state. Clotting is a necessary process that can prevent you from losing too much blood in certain instances, such as when you’re injured or cut. Are medically called (Thrombosis) Blood clots can also be fatal if not treated. DVT (deep vein thrombosis)
DVT- Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a medical condition that occurs when a blood clot forms in a deep vein.
39
sickle cell anemia
is an inherited red blood cell disorder in which there aren't enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen throughout your body. (African American). Sickle shaped cells.
40
thalassemia
is an inherited blood disorder that causes your body to have less hemoglobin than normal. (Mediterranean)
41
tay-sachs
Its caused by the absence of an enzyme that helps break down fatty substances. Build up toxic levels in the brain of fat that causes nerve damage.
42
polycthemia vera
is a rare blood disease in which your body makes too many red blood cells. The extra red blood cells make your blood thicker than normal.
43
leukaemia
is cancer of the body's blood-forming tissues, including the bone marrow and the lymphatic system. Usually involves the WBC.
44
lymphoma
is a cancer of the lymphatic system, which is part of the body's germ-fighting network. The lymphatic system includes the lymph nodes (lymph glands), spleen, thymus gland and bone marrow.
45
blood testing
A (CBC) test measures several components and features of your blood including:
(RBC)- Red Blood Cells - Which carry oxygen
(WBC) - White Blood Cells- Which fight infection.
(HGB) - Hemoglobin- The oxygen carrying protein in red blood cells.
(HCT) - Hematocrits- The proportion of red blood cells to the fluid component, or plasma in your blood.
(PLT) - Platelets- Which help with blood clotting.
46
medical term for drawing blood?
phlebotomy
47
what types of blood can be donated to someone with A+ blood
A+
A-
O+
O-
48
most common WBC?
neutrophil
49
Name of plasma protein that helps with blood clotting
Fibrinogen
50
what physiological change does the body employ when exposed to high elevation
increase rbc production to increase o2 carrying capacity, increase RR and HR, BP
51
medical term for low levels of platelets
thrombocytopenia
52
universal recipient? donor?
recipient: AB+, have no A, B, or Rh antibodies
donor: O-, no antigens so it won't trigger an immune response
53
difference between antibody and antigens
antibody: proteins that protect you when an unwanted substance enters your body
antigens: Any substance that causes the body to make an immune response against that substance
54
blood transfusion?
transferring blood products into a persons circulation through IV, replaces lost components of blood
55
hematopoiesis is
the creation of blood cells
56
cross, type, and match meaning
- process of determining the blood type and rH factor,
- cross-matching involves finding the best donor for a patient prior to blood transfusion
57
first aid for someone who is bleeding
- rise
- pressure
- tourniquet if needed, above wound
58
RBC count
TOO many RBC
Too little RBC
lifespan
5.2 million=men
4.7 million= women
polycythemia or erthrocytosis
anemia
120 days
59
WBC count
TOO many WBC
Too little WBC
lifespan
3500-1100 per microliter
leukocytosis
leukopenia
13-20 days
60
thrombocyte count
TOO many RBC
Too little RBC
lifespan
150000-450000 per microliter
thrombocythemia
thrombocytopenia
7-10 days
61
the blood cell that can become an antibody secreting cell is the
lymphocyte
62
suppose your blood is Ab+ this means
a) antigens A and B are present
b) there is no anti-a OR anti-B antibodies in plasma
c) blood is Rh+
d) all of the above
d) all of the above
63
aplastic anemia
deficiency of all types of blood cells
64
hepatitis C
viral infection affects liver mostly, transmitted via blood
A- acute
B/C- chronic
65
infectious mononucleosis
- spread through saliva
- viral infection
66
T/F: phagocytosis is the production of white blood cells in response to an infection
f
67
T/F: a person with type A blood can receive type B blood via a transfusion in an emergency situation
f, ONLY can receive A+- and O+-
68
T/F: eosinophils use phagocytosis to protect the body and increase in number during an allergic reaction
F,macrophages and neutrophils are the only ones who use that
